II. Find different meanings of these words:

mundane, maneuvering, attempt, implication, capability, envisioned, multaneously, disruption

III. Choose the correct translation of the underlined words:

1. Richard Feynman was a renowned physicist.

a)популярный с)известный

b)прославленный d)знаменитый

2. Drexler spent ten years describing and analyzing the incredible devices.

a)маловероятный с)немыслимый

b)неправдоподобный d)потрясающий

3. Mundane technology builds simple structures on a molecular scale.

a)земной c)светский

b)обычный d)космический

4. The meaning of the word nanotechnology shifted to encompass the simpler kinds of nanometer-scale technology.

a)окружать c)выполнять

b)включать d)осуществлять

5. Molecular machinery will result in a manufacturing revolution, probably causing severe disruption.

a)распад c)расстройство

b)подрыв d)разрушение

6. Molecular machinery has military implications.

a)вовлечение c)включение

b)вывод d)применение

7. The definition includes anything smaller than 100 nanometers with novel properties.

a)определение c)четкость

b)отчетливость d)ясность

8. The theoretical capability was envisioned in 1959 by Richard Feynman.

a)способность с)возможность

b)одаренность d)мощность

IV. Do you know the meaning of the given words? If not, find the explanation of these notions

nanometer, mundane technology, mechanochemistry

Are you familiar with the names of K. Eric Drexler and Richard Feynman?

How can this information help you to understand the text?

V. Fill in the gaps using the given words.

A) Advanced, accepted, using, projected, created, building, describing, being

A basic definition: Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more (____).

In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the (____) ability to construct items from the bottom up, (____) techniques and tools (____) developed today to make complete, high performance products.

When K. Eric Drexler popularized the word 'nanotechnology' in the 1980's, he was talking about (____) machines on the scale of molecules, a few nanometers wide—motors, robot arms, and even whole computers, far smaller than a cell. Drexler spent the next ten years (____) and analyzing these incredible devices, and responding to accusations of science fiction. Meanwhile, mundane technology was developing the ability to build simple structures on a molecular scale. As nanotechnology became an (____) concept, the meaning of the word shifted to encompass the simpler kinds of nanometer-scale technology. The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative was (____) to fund this kind of nanotech: their definition includes anything smaller than 100 nanometers with novel properties.

B) Maneuvering, being, using, advanced, referred, guided, formulating, based, envisioned, causing

Much of the work (_____) done today that carries the name 'nanotechnology' is not nanotechnology in the original meaning of the word. Nanotechnology, in its traditional sense, means building things from the bottom up, with atomic precision. This theoretical capability was envisioned as early as 1959 by the renowned physicist Richard Feynman.

“I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously. . . The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of (______) things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big.”— Richard Feynman, Nobel Prize winner in physics.

Based on Feynman's vision of miniature factories (______) nanomachines to build complex products, (____) nanotechnology - sometimes (_____) to as molecular manufacturing - will make use of positionally-controlled mechanochemistry (____) by molecular machine systems. (____) a roadmap for development of this kind of nanotechnology is now an objective of a broadly (____) technology roadmap project led by Battelle (the manager of several U.S. National Laboratories) and the Foresight Nanotech Institute.

Shortly after this (_____) molecular machinery is created, it will result in a manufacturing revolution, probably (_______) severe disruption. It also has serious economic, social, environmental, and military implications.