III. Translate the chain of words

Ultimate goal - набор инструментов – lever – подшипник - trivial exercise - ряд молекул - discrete package - зачистка шлифовальной шкуркой (очистка песком) – polishing – сворачивать – achieve – устройство – transfer – требовать - fabrication

IV. Choose the correct variant of the verb form

1. Recently small “dry” mechanical-molecular machines … (was built/is built/have been built) by molecular manufacturing.

2. Biology … (are studied/is studied/have been studied) by the students at the University.

3. Molecule … (were made of/ is made of/have been made of) atoms.

4. Atomic manipulation … (were done/have been done/has been done) with scanning probe microscopes.

5. Three-dimensional parts …yet … (are not been built/have not been built/has not been built)

6. Reliable, programmable, general-purpose mechanical/chemical systems … (are required/is required/has been required).

7. The question of how to make nanoscale devices … (will be solved/is solved/is being solved) at the conference now.

V. Fill in the gaps with the words below

goal, products, chains, differ, requires, devices

1. Water and hydrogen peroxide …by one atom.

2. Making a molecule …that each atom be in the right place.

3. The…of molecular manufacturing is to build molecules directly.

4. Useful … such as computers, medical …or even structural materials.

5. Polymer … fold up into three-dimensional structures.

VI. Translate into Russian paying attention to Complex Subject

1. The ultimate goal of molecular manufacturing is known to build small “dry” mechanical-molecular machines.

2. A set of molecular construction tools were said to been used in this experiment.

3. Each atom is certain must be in the right place in the molecule.

4. Direct atomic manipulation turns out to have been done with scanning probe microscopes.

5. The knowledge of Biology was certain to have been very useful for him.

6. The question was reported to have been discussed at the conference.

7. Reliable systems are likely to be used in nanotechnology.

VII. Choose the right form

1. Today’s level of technology … (were reported/is sure) to have improved.

2. Water and hydrogen peroxide … (are certain/is likely) to differ by one atom.

3. Painting, sanding or polishing … (is sure/were said) not to be required.

4. Polymer chains … (happen/was known) to fold up into three-dimensional structures.

5. Useful products such as computers, medical devices or even structural materials … (is unlikely/turn out) to be built with the help of nanotechnology.

6. Nanotechnology … (is unlikely/is considered) to be the branch of mechanical engineering.

VIII. Match synonyms and translate them into Russian

ultimate	besides
intricate	trustworthy
tool	involved
trivial	buffing
furthermore	accomplish
polishing	final
achieve	precise
worthwhile	instrument
stringent	ordinary
fabrication	rewarding
reliable	manufacture

IX. Answer the following questions

1. What is the goal of molecular manufacturing?

2. What kind of manipulation has been done with scanning probe microscopes?

3. What subject is similar with nanotechnology?

4. What products are built with the help of nanotechnology?

5. How can a set of molecular construction tools build?

X. Say if the sentences are true or false?

1. Water and hydrogen peroxide differ by two atoms.

2. Making a molecule requires that each atom be in different place.

3. Molecular manufacturing builds unuseful products.

4. There are five stringent criteria of “worthwhile”.

5. The goal of molecular manufacturing is to build small “dry” mechanical-molecular machines.

6. Biology is very similar with nanotechnology.

15. UNIT 3

1. Match English words with their Russian equivalents:

1.approach	a. надежный
2.finicky	b. способный
3.uncontaminated	с. подход
4.straightforward	d. изощренный
5.template	e. прямой
6.require	f. требовать
7.capable	g. незагрязненный
8.reliable	h. образец

II. Fill in the gap using the given words

A) Building, supported, making, doing, using, simplified, scanning, required

One approach to (____) reliable, programmable, general-purpose mechanical/chemical systems is to design and build a nanoscale device which is capable of (____) molecular fabrication operations, but is simple enough that it can be built atom-by-atom by a large, slow, awkward machine like a (____) probe microscope. This will require a (____) device design as well as significant advances in scanning probe chemistry. The Nanofactory Collaboration is currently working toward this goal.

Another approach is to build the first device by self-assembly, for example by (____) three-dimensional functional shapes out of folded DNA strands. Here again, this requires that the first device be relatively simple. Self-assembled structures tend to be relatively weak, since if they stick too strongly they would tend to assemble incorrectly in the first place and be unable to correct the mistake. And self-assembled structures with large numbers of components tend to have a high probability of error. But it may well be easier to build the (____) self-assembling ingredients than to place large numbers of atoms one-by-one (____) a scanning probe microscope.

A third approach is to build medium-small, imprecise devices and then use them to build smaller and more precise devices. For example, scanning probe microscopes have already been built using MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) technology. Smaller systems have some advantages; they may operate more quickly, and smaller volumes may be easier to keep uncontaminated. But it is not clear whether, in general, small systems can overcome the advantages of large systems: large systems are easier for humans to build and maintain, and may be (____) by decades of technological development.

B) Working, combined, advanced, associated, developed, used, placing

It is clear that each of these approaches has problems and limitations (____) with it. However, the approaches can be (____). For example, rather than (____) individual atoms, which would be slow and finicky, scanning-probe systems might be (____) to join relatively large self-assembled molecules. This would be a lot faster and require less precision. Likewise, relatively simple MEMS devices might be useful to template self-assembly or to control the (____) environment for scanning probe systems.

So far, designs for a molecular manufacturing system have not been (____). Without such designs, it is difficult to say whether it would be most efficient to build a DNA machine to make silica, than use that to make diamond, or whether a more straightforward approach such as direct scanning probe diamond building would work better despite requiring more (____) tools. Computers and software are just about at the point where component designs are within reach of hobbyists.