- •Английский язык
- •1 Terms to learn
- •2 Read the text Everyday uses of computers
- •3 Answer the questions.
- •1 Terms to learn
- •2 Read the text Types of Computer
- •3 Answer the questions.
- •1 Terms to learn
- •2 Read the text Parts of a computer
- •3 Answer the questions
- •1 Terms to learn
- •2 Read the text Keyboard and Mouse
- •3 Answer the questions
- •1 Terms to learn
- •2 Read the text
- •Interview: Student
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •1 Terms to learn
- •2 Read the text
- •Input Devices
- •Optical input devices
- •3 Answer the following questions
- •1Terms to learn
- •2 Read the text Output devices
- •3 Answer the following questions.
- •1 Terms to learn
- •2 Read the text Storage devices
- •3 Answer the following questions.
- •Supplementary Reading
- •1Terms to learn
- •2 Read the text Graphical User Interface
- •3 Answer the following questions.
- •Unit 10
- •1 Terms to learn
- •2 Read the text Computing Support Assistant
- •3 Answer the following questions.
- •Unit 11
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text Networks
- •3 Answer the following questions
- •Unit 12
- •1 Words to learn
- •2 Read the text Communications
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Unit 13
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text The Internet 1: email and newsgroups
- •3 Answer the following questions
- •Unit 14
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text
- •Internet 2: the World Wide Web
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Unit 15
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text
- •Interview: Website Designer
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Unit 16
- •1 Terms to know
- •2 Read the text Word processing
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Test 10
- •Unit 17
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text Databases and spreadsheets
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Unit 18
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text Graphics and Multimedia
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Test 11
- •Unit 19
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text Programming
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Unit 20
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text
- •Interview: Analyst/Programmer
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Test 12
- •Unit 21
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text Languages
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Unit 22
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Test 13
- •Unit 23
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text Future Trends 1
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Test 14
- •Unit 24
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text Future Trends 2
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Unit 25
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text
- •Interview: it Manager
- •Unit 26
- •2 Read the text
- •Issues in computing
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •Test 15
- •Unit 27
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text Careers in computing
- •Unit 28
- •1 Words to know
- •2 Read the text
- •Interview: Systems Manager
- •3 Answer the following two questions:
- •Test 16
- •List of english-russian terms
- •Английский язык
3 Answer the following questions:
1. What are the two main types of computer languages?
2. What is the difference between low-level languages and high-level languages?
3. What is the easiest programming languages to use?
4. What have all computer programs to be converted into? Why?
5. What is the function of a compiler program?
6. What is the function of an interpreter program?
7. What is the difference between a compiled program and an interpreted program?
8. What mathematical symbols uses BASIC?
Unit 22
1 Words to know
central processing unit (CPU), n |
центральный процессор, ЦП |
interrupt , v |
прерывать, препятствовать, мешать |
interrupt signal, n |
сигнал прерывания |
decode, v |
декодировать |
execute, v |
выполнять, исполнять |
execution, n |
выполнение, исполнение |
execution time, n |
время выполнения |
machine cycle, n |
машинный цикл |
unidirectional, adj. |
однонаправленный |
synchronize, v |
cинхронизировать, согласовывать во времени |
stack, n |
стек |
secondary storage, n |
вторичная память, память второго уровня, внешняя память, внешние запоминающие устройства |
ROM (read-only memory), n |
постоянное запоминающее устройство, ПЗУ |
robot, n |
робот |
register, n |
регистр |
plotter, n |
плоттер, графопостроитель |
place value, n |
позиционный весовой множитель (цифры в позиционной системе счисления) |
optical disk, n |
оптический диск |
memory address, n |
адрес [ячейки] памяти |
main memory, n |
основная память, оперативная память, ОЗУ |
binary system, n |
1) двоичная система счисления 2) бинарная система |
instruction, n |
машинная команда, команда (в языках низкого уровня), оператор (в ЯВУ) |
instruction time(i-time), n |
время выборки команды |
fetch , n, v |
1) выборка 2) выбирать, извлекать |
decimal, n |
десятичное число |
data glove, n |
перчатка виртуальной реальности |
data bus, n |
шина данных |
clock chip, n |
синхронизирующий микросхема (чип) |
clock lıne, n |
канал синхронизации |
bus, n |
шина |
address bus, n |
шина адреса, адресная шина |
bidirectional, adj. |
двунаправленный, реверсивный |
bınary, adj. |
двоичный, бинарный, двойной |
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), n |
арифметико-логическое устройство, АЛУ |
2 Read the text
Low-level systems
The main parts of a computer system consist of the processor, memory, input devices, output devices, and storage devices. The processor is the most important part of the computer. It is sometimes called the central processing unit or CPU, although the term CPU is sometimes used to mean the processor and the main memory together. The main components of the processor are shown in the table.
Component |
Description |
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) |
Performs arithmetic functions (e.g.+,-) and logic operations (e.g. AND,OR) on the data.
|
Control Unit (CU) |
Synchronizes and controls all parts of the computer.
|
Registers |
Small temporary memory areas that hold instructions and data that is needed immediately.
|
Buses |
Connectors that carry signals between the processor and other parts of the computer. The three main ones are: the control bus, the data bus, and the address bus.
|
Processors follow a fixed sequence of steps, called the machine cycle, to process a program instruction.
Step |
Action |
Name |
1 |
fetches the next instruction from memory |
Instruction time |
2 |
decodes the fetched instruction |
(I-time) |
3 |
executes the decoded instruction |
Execution time |
4 |
stores the result in memory |
(E-time) |
Programs instructions are normally executed one after another in order, but if sometimes happens in the system that needs urgent attention, an interrupt signal is sent to the processor. The processor determines the priority of the action and stops what it is doing at an appropriate time to deal with the problem, i.e. to service the interrupt.
A variety of number systems are used in computing. The binary system is made up of 1s and 0s, and is ideal for representing the on and off states of the electronic switches in a computer. Binary numbers can be converted to decimal numbers by multiplying the binary digits by their place values, and adding the results together. For example, the binary number 111 has a value of (1x4)+ (1x2)+(1x1)= 4+2+1= 7.
Decimal numbers can be converted to binary numbers by repeatedly dividing the decimal number by 2, and writing down the remainders in reverse order.
This is the most technical of all the units. Do not be tempted to omit it. It covers some of the most important aspects of how computers work and students need the language covered. Read this introduction carefully. Remember, students can be very helpful to each other, and will take delight in explaining any points one of them may not understand.