Учебное пособие Английский для бакалавров. Часть 2

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Ïомните! Èнфинитив после этих глàголов употребляется без чàстицы to.

We see them play football.	Ìы видим, что они игрàют в
	футбол.
That funny story made him laugh. Ýтà зàбàвнàя история зàстàвилà
	его посмеяться.
д) после глàголов:
to allow, to permit	рàзрешàть
to enable	дàвàть возможность
to cause	вызывàть, зàстàвлять
Ïереводится простым предложением.
The pressure causes the ice to melt.	Äàвление зàстàвляет лед тàять.

2. The Subjective Infinitive Construction. Ñубъектный инфинитивный оборот.

Çàпомните! Ñубъектный инфинитивный оборот состоит из:

à) существительного или местоимения в именительном пàдеже в функции подлежàщего;

б) инфинитивà, который следует зà скàзуемым.

Îбрàтите внимàние! Ñкàзуемое может быть вырàжено:

à) глàголàми в пàссивном зàлоге:
to know (to be known)	знàть, устàнàвливàть; известно
to see (to be seen)	видеть
to say (to be said)	говорить, утверждàть
to believe (to be believed)	полàгàть, считàть
to expect (to be expected)	ожидàть, предполàгàть
to assume (to be assumed)	полàгàть, допускàть
to report (to be reported)	сообщàть
to think (to be thought)	полàгàть, думàть
to find (to be found)	нàходить, устàнàвливàть
to consider (to be considered)	считàть, полàгàть
to suppose (to be supposed)	предполàгàть
б) глàголàми в àктивном зàлоге:
to seem	кàзàться

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to appear	окàзывàться, кàзàться
to turn out	окàзывàться
to prove	окàзывàться
to happen	случàйно окàзàться
to chance	случàйно окàзàться
в) вырàжениями:
to be likely	вероятно
to be unlikely	мàловероятно
to be sure	несомненно, обязàтельно
to be certain	безусловно, непременно

Äля узнàвàния субъектного инфинитивного оборотà воспользуйтесь следующей инструкцией:

1.Åсли в предложении встретилось скàзуемое, вырàженное способàми, упомянутыми в пунктàх à) б) в), проверьте, следует ли зà ним инфинитив.

2.Åсли зà тàким скàзуемым следует инфинитив, знàйте – в предложении имеется субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

3.Ñоблюдàйте следующую последовàтельность при переводе:

à) нàчинàйте перевод со скàзуемого; переведите скàзуемое неопределенноличным предложением типà: говорят, что…; полàгàют, что…; считàют, что… и др.

б) переведите подлежàщее (существительное или местоимение); в) переведите инфинитив глàголом в личной форме, соглàсовàв его с

подлежàщим (существительным или местоимением).

Íàпример:
This device is known to operate	Èзвестно,	что этот прибор
well.	рàботàет хорошо.
The output seems to have	Êàжется,	выпуск продукции
increased.	увеличился.
The current is likely to decrease.	Âероятно, ток понизится.

3. Îборот «for + сущ. + инфинитив». (For – Phrase)

Îборот состоит из предлогà for, существительного в общем пàдеже или местоимения в объектном пàдеже и инфинитивà.

He spoke loudly for them to hear	Îн	говорил	громко,
him.	чтобы они его слышàли.

Îбрàтите внимàние!

Îборот обычно переводится обстоятельственным придàточным предложением, вводимым союзом чтобы.

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E X E R C I S E S

I. Insert the particle ′to′ where necessary.

1. I like ... play the guitar. 2. My brother can ... speak French. 3. We had ... put on our overcoats because it was cold. 4. May I ... use your telephone? 5. I would rather ... stay at home today. 6. Would you like ... listen to good music? 7. What makes you ... think you are right? 8. I shall ... do all I can ... help you. 9. I like ...

dance. 10. Let me ... help you with your home work.

II. Use the Infinitive in its proper form.

À. → Passive or Active.

1.The lecturer wants ... . The student wants ... (to understand, to be understood).

2.We expected the meeting ... next month. He expected ... the attention of the audience (to hold, to be held). 3. Some changes had ... . He wanted ... some changes in the project (to make, to be made).

B.→ Indefinite or Perfect.

1.She admits ... the same mistake in her previous paper (to make, to have made).

2.It’s good ... work on time (to finish, to have finished). 3. She confessed ... the man before (to see, to have seen).

III. Use the infinitive instead of the subordinate clause.

Model: I have no books which I can read.

I have no books to read.

1. He hopes that he will get the information tomorrow. 2. We should be sorry if we heard bad reports of him. 3. Do not promise that you will do it, if you are not sure of success. 4. He was sorry when he heard of your disappointment. 5. She was sorry that she had missed the beginning of the lecture. 6. There was nothing that he could do except going home. 7. Don’t forget that she has a baby whom she must take care of. 8. She is happy that she has found such a simple solution to this difficult problem.

IV. State the forms and functions of the infinitive. Translate the sentences.

1. Our plan was to introduce new methods of research. 2. Here is an example to be followed. 3. They must continue their space exploration. 4. All you have to do is to write a letter. 5. He continued to read. 6. I didn’t ask to be told the news. 7. He has a lot of work to do. 8. I left my village to enter the university. 9. To make a choice between these two methods was quite difficult. 10. There are lots of contradictions to be found in your report. 11. The conference to be held tomorrow will be devoted to a dramatic breakthrough in astronomy.

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V. Translate the sentences. Mind the infinitive.

1. To put it mildly, this work must be done. 2. This method is of great scientific value, to say nothing of its possible economic effect. 3. To tell the truth, we expected quite different results. 4. Our new boss is hard to please. 5. To cut a long story short, he didn’t pass his exam on physics. 6. Our neighbours are difficult to deal with. 7. It is very strange to say the least of it. 8. His behaviour leaves much to be desired. 9. To begin with, everybody makes mistakes. 10. This new actress is pleasant to look at.

VI. Change the sentences according to the model and translate them.

Model: Thomson was the first who discovered the electron. Thomson was the first to discover the electron. Òомсон первым открыл электрон.

1. Lodygin was the first who invented the electric lamp. 2. Yuri Gagarin was the first who flew into space. 3. Samuel Morse was the first who produced a practical telegraph. 4. You will be the last who will answer at the exam. 5. James Chadwick was the first who discovered the neutron.

VII. Translate the groups of words with the passive infinitive.

Model: The data to be discussed...

Äàнные, которые нужно обсудить … (Äàнные, которые будут обсуждàться) …

1.The problems to be solved ...

2.The measures to be taken ...

3.The stars to be observed ...

4.The decision to be made ...

5.The new words to be learnt ...

6.The new method to be introduced ...

7.The factor to be taken into consideration ...

8.The advice to be followed ...

9.The secret to be discovered ...

10.The conference to be held ...

VIII. Translate the sentences with the infinitive in the function of an attribute.

1.The problems to be discussed are of vital importance for our work.

2.The decision to be made is hardly an easy one.

3.There are some measures to be urgently taken.

4.Here are some new expressions to be learnt.

5.This is the issue to be debated in the Parliament.

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6. The scientist spoke about the new method to be introduced.

IX. Read and translate the sentences. Mind the place of the infinitive and its functions.

1.To read English books is necessary.

2.To read this English book you will have to use a dictionary.

3.To harness solar energy for practical purposes is the task facing engineers.

4.To harness solar energy for practical purposes the engineers will have to make a lot of experiments.

5.To develop national economy is the main task of the government.

6.To develop national economy the people have to use the natural resources of the country most efficiently.

7.To expand old universities is much cheaper than to build new ones.

8.To expand old universities is a versatile problem.

9.To take correct measurements is not an easy task.

10.To take correct measurements it is necessary to use accurate instruments.

X. Translate the sentences with the construction for + noun (pronoun) + infinitive.

Model: It is desirable for you to know it. Æелàтельно, чтобы вы это знàли.

1.He waited for the paper to be published.

2.There is only one thing for you to do.

3.Here are a few books for you to read.

4.Everybody waited for the lecture to begin.

5.It is difficult for him to solve this problem.

6.It is not advisable for you to keep late hours.

7.High temperature is needed for the reaction to start.

8.Much experimental work is needed for these phenomena to be explained.

XI. Complete the sentences. Use the infinitive.

1.It is necessary for her ... .

2.It is advisable for them ... .

3.They waited for us ... .

4.It was important for them ... .

5.There was no reason for him ... .

6.For the experiment ... he had to do much work.

XII. Translate the sentences with the Objective Infinitive Construction.

1. We know J. Kepler to have stated the laws of planetary motion. 2. In ancient times people believed the atom to be indivisible. 3. Bohr considered the atom to

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consist of two parts: the nucleus and electrons. 4. I’d like you to read about the latest discoveries made in the field of astronomy. 5. I didn’t see the professor enter the room. 6. The new method permitted these phenomena to be investigated thoroughly. 7. The professor wanted the post-graduate to find the articles on the latest discoveries in astronomy. 8. The telescope enables scientists to examine celestial bodies. 9. It is necessary to utilize the immense supply of free solar energy to make our star, the Sun, serve mankind. 10. I have never heard anyone give so much interesting information in one report. 11. The engineer wants them to use new methods in their work. 12. We saw the skilled worker assemble the tiny devices very quickly.

XIII. Complete these sentences so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence.

Model: My father said I could use his car.

My father allowed me to use his car.

1.I was surprised that it rained. I didn’t expect ...

2.Don’t stop him doing what he wants. Let ...

3.He looks older when he wears glasses. Glasses make ...

4.I think you should know the truth.

I want ...

5.Don’t let me forget to phone my sister. Remind ...

XVI. Translate the folowing sentences into English using the substitution table given below:

1. Ìы хотим, чтобы вы рàсскàзàли нàм о солнечной энергии. 2. ß хочу вàм рàсскàзàть о солнечной энергии. 3. Îн пришел сюдà, чтобы рàсскàзàть нàм о солнечной энергии. 4. Îнà покàзàлà мне эти проекты. 5. Ìы знàем, что солнечные лучи приносят огромное количество энергии. 6. ß полàгàл, что этот ученый уже провел тàкой опыт. 7. Ìы видели, кàк онà проводилà опыт.

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We	showed	you	these designs.		about the solar
I	know	her	to tell us		energy.
He	watched	me	to tell you
		the sun’s rays	to bring a	tremendous
		here	amount of energy.
She	came	this scientist	to have made such an
	saw		experiment.
	believed		making an experiment.

want

XV. Put a form of “make” or “lеt” and a suitable verb into each gap.

Model: Thе teacher let me go home early because I fell ill.

1.My children usually go to bed early but I __________ them _________ TV till 10.00 at the week-end.

2.I don't like the sight of blood. It _________ me _________ ill if I see it.

3.My parents weren't strict with me at all. They _______ me ________what I wanted.

4.But they thought that education was very important, so they______ me______

hard for my exams.

5.It was a very sad film. The ending ________ me _______.

6.My parents_________me_______ the piano for two hours every day. I hate it.

7.My brother________me________his car sometimes, but I have to pay for the petrol.

XVI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Subjective Infinitive Construction. Mind the verb-predicates which are used in the Passive Voice.

1. These students are considered to conduct research rather well. 2. One of the students is said to be conducting a research work now. 3. That student is supposed to have conducted research last year. 4. This research is supposed to have been conducted by our best students. 5. These students are believed to have been conducting this research since last year. 6. All bodies are known to possess weight.

XVII. Translate the following sentences. Mind the verb-predicates which are used in the Active Voice in the Subjective Infinitive Construction.

1. This student seems to know English well. 2. His knowledge of English appears to be improving. 3. This discovery proved to be of special value for the development of electronics. 4. The student's answer seemed to satisfy the examiner.

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5. This planet appears to possess tremendous humidity. 6. I happened to meet some of our students in the museum. 7. They didn't appear to be satisfied with our work. 8. These students proved to be very capable researchers.

XVIII. Translate the following sentences. Mind the words which are used as predicates in the Subjective Infinitive Construction.

1. The weather is likely to change by tomorrow. 2. These students are likely to take part in this discussion as the main problem to be discussed is on their speciality. 3. He is certain to make a good report at the conference, for he read a lot of technical journals while preparing for it. 4. He is sure to come in time, he will be the first to make a report. 5. They are sure to be sent to some construction site after graduating from the Civil Engineering Institute.

XIX. Read the following English sentences and find their Russian equivalents in the right column:

1. These

techniques allow

the new data

1.

Ìы не могли зàстàвить его

to

be

investigated thoroughly.

повторить

этот эксперимент.

2.

This

causes

the

components

to be

2.

Ýти веществà вызывàют изменение

separated.

состàвà жидкости.

3.

These

substances

cause

the

3.

Ýти приемы позволяют тщàтельно

composition of the liquid to be changed.

исследовàть новые дàнные.

4.

We

could

not

get

him to repeat

4. Òрение

вызвàло остàновку телà.

this experiment.

5.

Friction caused the body to stop.

5.

Ýти приемы позволяют исследовàть

эти явления основàтельно.

6.

These techniques

permit

those

6. Îни

зàстàвили

его

пересмотреть

phenomena to be investigated thoroughly.

свой вывод.

7.

They made him reconsider his

7. Îн

прикàзàл отремонтировàть эти

conclusion.

приборы кàк можно скорее.

8. New techniques allowed the properties

8.

Íовые

приемы

позволили

of this substance to be changed.

изменить

свойствà

этого веществà.

9.

He ordered these devices to be repaired

9.

Ýто вызывàет (влечет зà собой)

as soon as possible.

рàзделение состàвных чàстей.

XX. Translate the following sentences into English using the substitution table given below:

1. Èзвестно, что этот àспирàнт пишет интересную книгу о кометàх. 2. Ãоворят, что он пишет эту книгу с прошлого годà. 3. Îн, кàжется, изучил этот вопрос основàтельно. 4. Îн, вероятно, будет делàть доклàд об этой книге нà нàучной конференции. 5. Ïолàгàют, что две глàвы этой книги уже были нàписàны в прошлом году. 6. Ýтà книгà, по-видимому, предстàвляет большой

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интерес не только для àстрономов.

Two chapters				is said		to have studied this problem thoroughly.
of this book				is known		to have been writing this book since last year.
He				are believed		to be writing an interesting book on comets.
This book				seems		to make a report on this book at a scientific
						conference.
This post-				appears		to be of great interest not only for astronomers.
graduate				is likely		to have been written last year.
	XXI. Read the following Russian phrases and find their English equivalents in
the right column:
							a)
1.	Óтверждàют, что этот метод ...						1.	This method is considered to ...
2.	Íàходят, что этот метод ...						2.	These phenomena are held to ...
3.	Ïредполàгàют, что эти явления ...						3.	This method is claimed to ...
4.	Ñчитàют, что этот метод ...						4.	This method is found to …
5.	Ïолàгàют, что они ...						5.	These phenomena are assumed to ...
6.	Ïолàгàют, что эти явления …						6.	These phenomena are supposed to ...
7.	Äопускàют, что эти явления …						7.	They are thought to ...
8.	Ñообщàют, что этà теория …						8.	This theory is stated to ...
9.	Ãоворят, что этà теория ...						9.	This theory is reported to ...
10. Êонстàтировàно, что этà теория …							10. This theory is said to ...
							b)
1.	Îн, вероятно, ...						1.	Íе is unlikely to ...
2.	Îн нàвернякà ...						2.	She seems to know ...
3.	Îни, несомненно, ...						3.	He is likely to ...
4.	Âряд ли он ...						4.	He proved to be capable ...
5.	Ìàловероятно, что они ...						5.	He appears to have written ...
6.	Îн,	по-видимому, знàет ...					6.	He is sure to ...
7.	Îнà, кàжется, знàет ...						7.	He appears to know ...
8.	Îн	окàзàлся способным ...					8.	He seems to have forgotten ...
9.	Îн,	по-видимому, нàписàл ...					9.	They are unlikely to ...
10. Îн, кàжется, зàбыл ...							10. They are certain to ...
							c)
1.	Ïо-видимому, эти дàнные были						1. To investigate these data is not
уже дàвно исследовàны.							difficult.
2.	×тобы исследовàть эти дàнные,						2. Òо investigate these data one has to
нàдо применить				новые методы.			apply new techniques.
3.	Ìы хотим исследовàть эти						3. We expect these new data to be
дàнные.							investigated very soon.

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4.	Ñообщàют, что эти дàнные будут	4.	We want to investigate these data.
исследовàны в крàтчàйшее время.
5.	Èсследовàние этих дàнных	5.	We have to investigate these data.
несложно.
6.	Ýти дàнные вряд ли будут	6.	These data are reported to be
исследовàны скоро.		investigated in the shortest time
		possible.
7.	Ìы должны исследовàть эти	7.	These data are unlikely to be
дàнные.		investigated soon.
8.	Ýти дàнные, несомненно, будут	8.	These data proved to be reliable.
исследовàны в крàтчàйшее время.
9.	Ýти дàнные окàзàлись	9.	These data appear to have been
нàдежными.		investigated long ago.
10. Ìы ожидàем, что эти новые		10. These data are certain to be
дàнные будут исследовàны очень		investigated in the shortest time
скоро.		possible.

XXII. Read and translate the sentences with the infinitive constructions.

1. The University of Cambridge is said to have originated in the 12th centry. 2. We consider silver to be the best of conducting materials. 3. The first type of a solar battery appears to have been demonstrated in 1954. 4. The chemist allowed this substance to be experimented with. 5. The manager knew the work to be under way. 6. For the experiment to be successful he had to do much work. 7. I heard him mention my name. 8. The expeditions to the planets of the solar system are likely to take off from the orbital stations. 9. Many times we heard our lecturer refer to the data obtained by physicists. 10. The workers are certain to achieve good results if they employ new techniques. 11. Everybody knows Mendeleyev to have studied the properties of elements before he arranged them in a Table. 12. It is for you to choose which of the two methods to use. 13. Newton was the first to realize elliptical paths of comets. 14. Nearly a month is required for the Moon to circle the Earth. 15. The history of computers is believed to have started with Charles Babbage who was a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University.

XXIII. Make a written translation of the sentences. Use the infinitive constructions.

1. Ñообщàют, что открыли новую звезду. 2. Èзвестно, что нàукà изменилà условия жизни современного человекà. 3. Íàши ученые обязàтельно примут учàстие в конференции по àстрономии. 4. Äревние àстрономы считàли, что Ñолнце и звезды движутся вокруг Çемли. 5. Êрàйне вàжно, чтобы вы прочитàли эти книги по àстрономии. 6. Ïредполàгàют, что Âселеннàя нàчàлà существовàть примерно 15 миллиàрдов лет нàзàд. 7. Ìы знàем, что Ñолнечнàя системà состоит из 9 плàнет и их спутников, àстероидов, комет и их метеоритов. 8. Èзвестно, что кàнàлы нà Ìàрсе были обнàружены в 1877 году.

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