Учебное пособие Английский для бакалавров. Часть 2
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The basic industries are machine-building, chemical, ferrous metallurgy, building materials industry, coal mining, light and food industries, power engineering and electronics. Machine-building and metal-working account for 21.9% of the total industrial output, chemistry and petrochemistry 20.8%, metallurgy 17.1%, electric power generation 11.9%, food industry 13%, and light industry 3.9%.
The machine-building branch is represented by large enterprises manufacturing agricultural machinery, machine tools, equipment for the light and food industries, units and parts for gas pipelines, pumps, cranes, construction and transportation machinery, domestic gas fittings, scooters etc. Chemical industry enterprises produce fertilizers, synthetic rubber, plastics and plastic articles, detergents, synthetic vitamins and other products. The old gun-making plant produces hunting rifles and sport guns which help our sportsmen to win victories at international competitions.
The Tulachermet Concern, a leading metallurgical enterprise in Russia, has made a great contribution to the development of world metallurgy. The enterprise has been the first in the world to master the method of continuous steel casting, the process of metal powder manufacture, plasma spraying, and production of alloys with specific properties.
The old traditions of making famous Tula rifles, samovars, bayans (accordions) and spice cakes live on.
Primary attention in agriculture is given to the production of grain, potatoes, sugar beet, milk and meat.
Today’s Tula is not only an industrial but also a cultural, scientific and educational center of our country. Tula has many educational establishments such as Tula State University and Tula State Pedagogical University, many colleges and secondary schools.
Dozens of research institutes and design bureaus concentrate a considerable scientific potential. These institutions are engaged in long-term research in technologies of machine-building, metallurgy, polymers, control systems, town planning etc.
The city has four theatres, a regional philharmonic society, some clubs, palaces of culture, libraries, and publishing houses that issue about a hundred newspapers and magazines.
Tula has many places of interest, the Museum of Arms is well known not only in our town. It was established in 1724. In the museum we can see the products of skillful Tula gunsmiths. It has models of Russian weapons beginning with the Kulikovo Battle in 1380 to the years of the Great Patriotic War. There are also tiny engravings which one can see only through a microscope. The museum of Regional Studies is of great interest too. It presents to its visitors the heroic past of our town. The Art Gallery has a collection of rare pictures, sculptures and items of applied arts.
Not far from Tula is Yasnaya Polyana. Here the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy lived and worked for almost all his life. Now it is a museum. Many people not only from our country but also abroad visit Yasnaya Polyana every day.
The Kremlin, the Victory Square with its eternal flame, the monument to the defenders of Tula, the vast central park belong to the sights of Tula. The picture will
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not be complete if we forget our central stadium with its sports play grounds, the indoor stadium and the famous cycle-drome.
The appearance of our city has greatly changed. From a dirty provincial town with wooden houses and narrow streets it has turned into a modern city. The main street of our city and many other tree-lined streets are always full of people and the traffic is rather heavy (busy). In the streets we can see many cars, buses, trolleybuses, trams, taxis.
Tula grows from day to day. Old houses and back-yards have almost completely disappeared giving way to new high buildings. New modern-style districts have appeared in the former suburbs of Tula.
The citizens of Tula are proud of their city which is becoming more beautiful from day to day.
I. Read the text 'Tula'. Find the sentences that might be the answers to the questions below:
1.When was Tula founded?
2.What river is Tula situated on?
3.What is the population of Tula at present?
4.What had a decisive influence on the industrial development of Tula?
5.Who founded a state gun-making plant in Tula?
6.What are the basic industries in Tula?
7.What is Tula famous for?
8.What sights are there in Tula?
II. Write the following words in transcription. Translate them:
acquire, appearance, area, artel, avenue, blacksmith, circus, craftsman, cycle, enterprise, eternal, issue, model, museum, provincial, region, sculpture, sightseeing, society, specialize, square, suburb.
III.Translate the following a)word combinations; b)sentences:
a)1. the central part of Russia;
2.to cover an area;
3.on the banks of the Upa river;
4.the parts of the rifle;
5.a decree issued by Peter the Great;
6.a state gun-making plant;
7.ferrous metallurgy;
8.metal processing industry;
9.handmade goods;
10.to master the method of continuous steel casting;
11.machine tools;
12.metal powder manufacture.
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b)1. Tula was founded in 1146.
2.Tula has long been famous for its blacksmiths and gunsmiths.
3.Tula blacksmiths specialized in making rifles.
4.The whole families were engaged in making this or that part of a rifle.
5.Many streets in Tula are called after the parts of a rifle.
6.Tula craftsmen acquired great skill.
7.At present there are many plants and factories in Tula.
8.The old gun-making plant produces hunting rifles and sport guns.
9.The machine-building plants produce various machine tools.
10.In the Tula region there are many coal mining enterprises.
IV. Complete the sentences:
1. |
The streets of Tula are full of |
людей; |
|
|
àвтобусов; |
|
|
троллейбусов; |
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|
àвтомобилей. |
2. |
Many streets of my city are |
писàтелей; |
|
called after |
выдàющихся людей; |
|
|
ученых. |
3. |
This city is famous for |
пàмятникàми; |
|
|
площàдями; |
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|
музеями; |
|
|
теàтрàми. |
4. |
Moscovites are proud of |
своим городом; |
|
|
метро; |
|
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новыми торговыми центрàми. |
5. |
Have you ever been to |
новом рàйоне? |
|
|
Ìоскве? |
|
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Òретьяковской гàлерее? |
6. |
What places of interest |
Âы посетили в Ñàнкт-Ïетербурге? |
|
|
Âы видели в Ìоскве? |
|
|
в Âàшем городе Âàм нрàвятся больше |
|
|
всего? |
7. |
Ýто предприятие |
is of great interest. |
|
Ýтот рàйон |
|
|
Ýто ружье |
|
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V.Fill in the missing words.
1.Many streets of Tula /нàзывàются по/ the parts of a rifle.
2.The citizens of Tula /гордятся/ their city which becomes more /крàсивым/ from day to day.
3.Tula is a modern city with many industrial /предприятиями/ such as /мàшиностроительные, метàллообрàбàтывàющие, горнодобывà-ющие, химические/ and others.
4./Ïàмятник зàщитникàм/ of Tula with its eternal flame stands in the Victory Square.
5.The Kremlin, the vast central park, /цирк/ and many monuments belong to the /достопримечàтельностям/ of our city.
6.The Arms Museum /известен/ not only in our city.
7./Óличное движение/ in our city is rather /оживленное/.
8.There are many /высоких/ buildings in the new districts of our city.
VI. Say in English. Use the given word combinations:
to be proud of
1.ß горжусь своим фàкультетом.
2.Ìы гордимся своим университетом.
3.Ìой друг гордится своим брàтом.
4.Ðàбочие гордятся своим ремеслом.
to be famous for
1.Íàш город слàвится своими ружьями.
2.Íàш крàй (облàсть) слàвится известными писàтелями.
3.Ïлощàдь Ïобеды известнà своим пàмятником и вечным огнем.
4.Òулà известнà своими сàмовàрàми и пряникàми.
to be of great interest (for)
1.Ìузей оружия предстàвляет большой интерес.
2.Íовые рàйоны Òулы предстàвляют большой интерес.
3.ßснàя Ïолянà предстàвляет большой интерес для посетителей.
4.Ýто новое ружье предстàвляет большой интерес для специàлистов.
VII. Make up questions. Let your fellow students answer them.
Model 1. |
– |
Have you ever been to …? |
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– |
Yes, I have. |
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– |
When were you there (last)? |
|
– Last summer. |
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Model 2. |
– |
Have you ever been to …? |
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– |
No, I haven’t. |
|
– |
Would you like to go there? |
|
– |
Rather. |
the Kremlin? the Art Gallery?
the Victory Square?
Yasnaya Polyana? the gun-making plant?
Have you ever been to the Central Park?
our Philharmonic society? the stadium “Arsenal”?
the Museum of Regional Studies? the Arms Museum?
VIII. Correct the statements. Begin with:
I am afraid you are not right.
Sorry, but you are mistaken (wrong).
I can’t agree with you.
1.Many streets in Tula are called after the parts of the accordion.
2.The machine-building plants produce iron and steel.
3.Historically Tula was famous as an agricultural center.
4.There are no industrial enterprises in Tula.
5.Tula was founded on the banks of the Volga river.
6.The gun-making plant produces radio lamps.
7.The Museum of Arms is in Boldin Street.
8.Tula blacksmiths specialized in making samovars.
9.There are no higher educational establishments in Tula.
10.The great Russian writer Ivan Turgenev lived and worked in Yasnaya Polyana.
IX. Fill in the blanks with prepositions.
1.There are many places … interest in our city.
2.The main street of Tula is always full … people.
3.In Tula there is a monument … Peter the Great, the founder of a state gunmaking plant.
4.Tula was founded … 1146 … the banks of the Upa river.
5.The citizens … Tula are proud … their guns and rifles.
6.This street is called … Gleb Uspensky, a well-known Russian writer born in Tula.
7.Moscow is famous … its numerous theatres.
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X. Ask your fellow students:
1)what city he (she) lives in;
2)what city he (she) was born in;
3)what street he (she) lives in;
4)when Tula was founded;
5)what Tula is famous for;
6)what industries are developed in Tula;
7)if there are some places of interest in Tula;
8)what collection the Art Gallery has;
9)what he (she) knows about Yasnaya Polyana;
10)if he (she) can list the sights of Tula;
11)who founded the central park;
12)if there are some educational establishments in Tula;
13)what museums, theatres and concert halls he (she) knows.
XI. Translate into English.
1.Ìногие улицы Òулы нàзывàются по детàлям ружья.
2.Òулà – город со многими промышленными предприятиями, тàкими кàк мàшиностроительные, метàллообрàбàтывàющие, горнодобывàющие, химические, пищевые и другие.
3.Æители Òулы гордятся историческим прошлым своего городà.
4.Ïàмятник зàщитникàм Òулы с вечным огнем стоит нà Ïлощàди Ïобеды.
5.Ìузей оружия известен не только в нàшем городе.
6.Óличное движение в Òуле довольно оживленное.
7. новых рàйонàх городà много высоких здàний.
XII. Read the text ‘The Tula Kremlin’ and answer the questions:
1.What was the history of Tula linked with?
2.What happened in 1380?
3.What did the Kulikovo Battle lead to?
4.What happened in 1503?
5.What material was the first Tula fortress made of?
6.What outline has the Kremlin? How is this fact explained in the text?
7.How many towers has the Kremlin?
8.What battle did the Tula Kremlin withstand in 1552?
9.Who had the larger army?
10.Who helped the Tula defenders?
11.How long did the peasants under Ivan Bolotnikov defend themselves within the Kremlin walls?
12.What did the attackers do with the army of Bolotnikov and Bolotnikov himself?
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THE TULA KREMLIN
For a number of centuries the history of Tula was closely linked with the formation of the Russian state. In 1380 the famous Kulikovo Battle which led to the expulsion of the Tartar-Mongolian hordes from the Russian territory was fought to the South-East of Tula.
After joining the Moscow state in 1503, Tula’s importance increased greatly. It became a strong fortress in the defence line of the Moscow state. A wooden fortress was built and by 1521 the Tula Kremlin had been completed.
The Tula Kremlin differs from others in that its outline is almost rectangular. The square lay-out of the Tula Kremlin walls is explained by the fact that when they were built the development of artillery made it more convenient to deliver direct fire from symmetrically disposed towers.
The walls are up to three metres thick and almost 11 metres high. Four towers out of nine have gates. The walls and towers have about 300 loop-holes. Usually the Kremlin was not heavily garrisoned but due to its strength and reliability it could stand up to long sieges.
Within the Kremlin stands the Cathedral of the Assumption* built in 1762-64. Its five cupolas are typical of Russian cathedrals of the 17-th century. Its frescoes, painted by masters from Yaroslavl are the last copies of frescoes in ancient Russian churches.
In 1552 the Tula Kremlin withstood a severe onslaught by the Crimean Khan Devlet Girei, whose troops several times outnumbered the fortress defenders. The town’s inhabitants and a garrison of 200 men beat off all attacks of 30-thousand- strong troops. Moscow troops, which approached the town two days later, drove off the enemy and defeated him near Tula.
Fifty years later the Tula Kremlin became the stronghold of the troops of Ivan Bolotnikov, a peasant leader. For four months rebels against the princes and boyars defended themselves within the Kremlin walls against the tsar’s troops. When the long siege did not wear down the defenders, the attackers flooded the town by damming the river and forced them to surrender. Ivan Bolotnikov was kept prisoner and killed. In the Kremlin one can see the monument to the peasant leader.
*Cathedral of the Assumption – Óспенский Ñобор.
XIII. Make a written translation of the text. Use a dictionary.
THE CITY RECEIVES HONOUR TO ITS RESISTANCE TO NAZIS
The city of Tula with its population doubled to 500,000 since World War II was awarded the ‘Hero City’ honour, the eleventh city to get it. The award was given for Tula’s role, as a defense bastion against the Nazis as they neared Moscow from the
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south. It was under siege for 45 days, but the fascists were not able to step into city limits. The city takes pride that throughout its 800-year history, no enemy has ever penetrated it. Historically, the city was famed as the samovar manufacturing center and for its gun-making for the armies of Czar.
But its metal-working history, whether on samovars or guns, has also made it a city famed for metal mechanics. Today Tula is one of the major machine manufacturing cities.
In Tula, as in most old cities of Russia, the people cherish their history and tradition, and stress it to visitors. And it is not only good-natured talk about the superiority of tea from their charcoal-burning samovars, with the special Tula cakes. They take pride that Tolstoy lived and wrote in Yasnaya Polyana, his estate just outside Tula. ‘You must see it!’ they tell every visitor.
XVI. Read the following selections using a dictionary.
DO YOU KNOW THAT …
…the Tula guberniya was established in 1777, and in 1937, it was renamed Tula region. The region’s coat of arms, inherited from the former guberniya and officially approved in 1778, shows crossed silver blades, a rifle barrel and two hammers on a field of red, which symbolizes Tula as a weapons forge and Russia’s defender.
…the region’s inhabitants revere their cultural heritage. Major historical and cultural relics and monuments include the Kulikovo Field (the site of the historical battle in 1380 between the troops of Moscow’s Prince Dmitry Donskoi and TatarMongol hordes), the Kremlin (1514-1521) with an Assumption cathedral (17621764), an Annunciation church (1692), the museum estate of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana, and the national reserve and memorial museum of the outstanding Russian artist Vasily Polenov at Polenovo. There are many memorials associated with heroic deeds performed during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.
…the bathing health resort at Krainka, 107 km west of Tula, offers a network of rest homes, boarding houses and tourist centres on the banks of rivers in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana.
…many legends are associated with Tula skilful workers. Nikolai Leskov’s tale ‘Levsha’ is an example.
…not a single enemy has ever been to Tula. Our city has always been a fortress in the defence of our Motherland.
…Leo Tolstoy lived in Yasnaya Polyana for 60 of his 80 years.
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…the famous composer Dargomizhsky and the well-known pedagogue Ushinsky were born in the Tula region.
…not far from Tula is the village of Mishenskoye – the native place of the great poet of the 19th century V.A. Zhukovsky. Many years of his life he spent in Tula.
…to the South of Efremov there was an estate of M. Lermontov’s father. Near the railway station Chern there was an estate of I.S. Turgenev’s father. Many great Russian writers and poets visited our city.
…the famous Russian artist Polenov lived and worked in the Tula province. Not far from Tula on the banks of the Oka river is the Museum of Polenov.
…the history of Tula pryanic begins in the 17th century. At present as in the old days the traditions of Tula pryanic makers are still alive. Tula printed pryanic is not only tasty but a beautiful souvenir and a present.
XV. Speak about:
1)the past of Tula;
2)the industries of Tula;
3)Tula of today;
4)the places of interest in Tula;
5)the educational establishments in Tula.
XVI. Imagine you are a guide. Make a tour around Tula. Invite your friends to follow you. The plan of the centre of Tula will help you.
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