Учебное пособие Английский для бакалавров. Часть 2

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to result in to succeed in to approve of to dream of to hear of

to inform of to know of to speak of to think of

to be afraid of to be capable of to be fond of to be proud of to be tired of

to count on (upon) to depend on (upon) to go on (upon)

to keep on (upon) to insist on (upon) to rely on (upon) to get used to

to look forward to to object to

to give up

привести к, иметь результàтом преуспевàть, иметь успех одобрять мечтàть о чем-либо, о ком-либо услышàть, узнàть

сообщàть, информировàть знàть о чем-либо, о ком-либо говорить о чем-либо, о ком-либо думàть о чем-либо, о ком-либо бояться быть способным, одàренным любить гордиться устàвàть

рàссчитывàть нà зàвисеть от продолжàть

продолжàть делàть что-либо нàстàивàть нà чем-либо полàгàться, доверять привыкàть ожидàть, предвкушàть

возрàжàть, протестовàть бросàть, остàвлять привычку

THE GERUNDIAL CONSTRUCTION. ГЕРУНДИАЛЬНЫЙ ОБОРОТ

Ïритяжàтельное местоимение или существительное в притяжàтельном или общем пàдеже, стоящее перед герундием, обрàзует вместе с герундием герундиàльный оборот.

Ãерундиàльный оборот обычно переводится придàточным предложением, вводимым союзом «то, что» в любом пàдеже. Ñуществительное или местоимение, стоящее перед герундием, стàновится в русском предложении подлежàщим, à герундий – скàзуемым.

Îбрàтите внимàние! Ïри переводе нà русский язык притяжàтельное местоимение переводится соответствующим личным местоимением, à существительное в притяжàтельном пàдеже – существительным в именительном пàдеже:

We objected to his going there.	Ìы возрàжàли против того,
	чтобы он поехàл тудà.
Ann’s coming so early surprised	Òо, что Àннà пришлà тàк рàно,

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us.			удивило нàс.
Everybody	insisted on	this	Âсе нàстàивàли нà том, чтобы
experiment	being made	once	этот опыт был проделàн еще
more.			рàз.

Çàпомните! Ãерундий может переводиться:

à) существительным; б) неопределенной формой глàголà; в) деепричàстием;

г) глàголом-скàзуемым придàточного предложения.

THE GERUND AND THE PARTICIPLE. СРАВНЕНИЕ ГЕРУНДИЯ И ПРИЧАСТИЯ

Ïомните! Ãерундий отличàется от причàстия нàстоящего времени (Participle I): à) по функции в предложении; б) по нàличию предлогà; в) по нàличию притяжàтельного местоимения или существительного в притяжàтельном или общем пàдеже.

1. Ãерундий может быть любым членом предложения; причàстие – только определением, обстоятельством или чàстью скàзуемого.

Îбрàтите внимàние!

Åсли предложение нàчинàется словом с окончàнием – ing, то это слово является герундием в функции подлежàщего, если зà ним следует глàгол-скàзуемое; или оно является причàстием в функции обстоятельствà, если зà ним следует подлежàщее.

Ãерундий	Ïричàстие I
Ïеред глàголом-скàзуемым	Ïеред подлежàщим
Testing the motor is necessary.	Testing the motor he saw many defects.
Èспытàть мотор необходимо.	Èспытывàя мотор, он обнàружил
	много недостàтков.

2. Ïеред герундием в функциях определения или обстоятельствà, кàк прàвило, стоит предлог; перед причàстием в функциях обстоятельствà могут стоять союзы when или while.

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	Ãерундий			Ïричàстие
		в функции обстоятельствà
After testing the motor they put down				While testing the motor they put down
the results.				the results.
Ïосле	испытàния двигàтеля они			Èспытывàя	двигàтель,	они
зàписàли результàты.				зàписывàли результàты.
		в функции определения
There are several ways of producing				The plant producing electricity is very
electricity.				powerful.
Èмеется	несколько	способов		Ýтà устàновкà,	вырàбàтывàющàя
вырàботки электричествà.				электричество, очень мощнàя.
3. Ïред герундием может стоять притяжàтельное местоимение или
существительное в притяжàтельном или общем пàдеже.
	The professor approved of my Ïрофессор				одобрил	мое
	solving the problem.			решение зàдàчи.
	We know of copper being		the Ìы знàем, что медь – лучший
	best conductor.			проводник.

E X E R C I S E S

I. A. Form the Gerund Indefinite Passive from the following verbs: to write, to stop, to study, to make.

B. Form the Gerund Perfect Active and Passive from the following verbs: to test, to send, to build, to leave.

II. Define the functions of the gerund in the following sentences. Translate.

1. Learning English is not an easy thing. 2. His friend began learning French. 3. Russian scientists played an important part in solving the problem of atmospheric electricity. 4. Studying nature without making observation is useless. 5. Any noise prevents me from working. 6. He doesn’t like being praised, he is too modest. 7. We didn’t mind her helping us. 8. Reading aloud can help you to improve your pronunciation. 9. In speaking about Moscow one has no choice but to quote long

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figures. 10. Muscovites have a special manner of walking, working, resting, communicating with each other. 11. You can’t become a good specialist without being trained for a long time. 12. We heard of the experiment having been started last week. 13. They couldn’t help using this information. 14. We succeeded in building a flexible system. 15. We are at the beginning of a new way of working, shopping, playing and communicating. 16. Lately some students have stopped writing and have begun pointing and clicking. 17. In fact, communicating with people is an obvious way to use the Web, and students are already doing it all the time from making dates to buying stocks and auctioning cars.

III. Make up sentences according to the models

Model 1: I don’t mind seeing the film again.

(to take part in the conference, to stay in the country for another week) Model 2: I can’t (couldn’t) help smiling.

(to tell you about it, to laugh when I see him) Model 3: The book is (not) worth reading.

(the question – to discuss, the proposal – to consider) Model 4: It’s no use doing it.

(to talk to them, to help him)

Model 5: Did you enjoy spending your holiday there? (to watch the match, to visit the museum)

Model 6: I remember talking to him.

(to attend the lecture, to invite them to the party) Model 7: We insisted on (his) going there.

(to make the report, to organize a conference)

Model 8: You can learn speaking English by speaking English. (to read French, to swim)

Model 9: What about going to the club?

(to have a bite, to visit a museum)

Model 10: Instead of going home he went to the club.

(to answer my question – to ask me his question, to do one’s homework – to look through magazines)

IV. Choose the right Russian equivalent.

1.Oleg’s refusing our help is regrettable.

a)то, что Îлег откàзàлся…; b) то, что Îлег откàзывàется …; c) то, что Îлегу откàзàли …

2.She is upset of her son being accused of bad conduct at school.

a)… ее сынà обвинили …; b) … ее сын обвиняет …; с) … ее сынà обвиняют …

3.He apologized to the teacher for not having done his lessons.

a)… зà то, что не сделàл …; b) …зà то, что не делàет …; с) …зà то, что не будет делàть …

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4.I don’t like being asked such questions.

a)…зàдàвàть тàкие вопросы; b) …когдà мне зàдàют …; с) …когдà мне зàдàвàли …

5.The teacher was surprised at your having made so many mistakes.

a)…что вы сделàли …; b) …было сделàно …; с) …делàете … V. Open the brackets using the proper form of the gerund.

1. I decided to do everything myself instead of (to ask) for help. 2. She succeeded in (to speak) English fluently. 3. It’s no use (to cry) over spilt milk. 4. Science requires (to experiment). 5. (To define) a problem precisely requires patience. 6. We know of the work (to carry out) in this laboratory. 7. They insisted on the sample (to test) repeatedly. 8. He has developed a method for (to evaluate) this problem. 9. She turned pale on (to tell) the news. 10. Do you mind him (to examine) by a heart specialist? 11. I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment. 12. The device needs (to repair).

VI. Explain the difference between the sentences in each pair. Translate them.

1.He insisted on going there. He insisted on our going there.

2.I don’t mind cleaning the dishes. I don’t mind her cleaning the dishes.

3.She is not interested in collecting stamps. She is not interested in his collecting stamps.

4.We are fond of singing. We are fond of their singing.

VII. Find out the sentences with the gerundial construction. Translate.

1. The thunder is caused by heating the air by a spark. 2. A lightning conductor is a means of protecting buildings from the strokes of lightning. 3. We know of this house being destroyed by a stroke of lightning. 4. The professor knew about the students’ going to the power station. 5. Seeing is believing. 6. She cannot read English without consulting a dictionary. 7. His having asked such a question shows that he did not prepare the text. 8. I remember my having told her about the experiment. 9. Lomonosov’s having studied atmospheric electricity contributed to the development of science. 10. There are many methods of learning a foreign language. 11. On coming home he began watching TV. 12 A lot depends on your making the right choice.

VIII. Translate the sentences. Mind the construction with the gerund.

1. Their having overheated the gas changed the results of the experiment. 2. The investigator mentioned his testing this material for strength. 3. We heard of our engineer having left for the international symposium. 4. We insisted on the experiment being repeated. 5. In spite of the gases being compressed they return to their original volume as soon as the applied force stops acting. 6. Newton’s having

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stated the laws of motion is very important for modern science. 7. We knew of Newton’s having developed the principles of mechanics. 8. We knew nothing of their having been met at the station. 9. Franklin’s having worked in the field of electricity is known all over the world. 10. They didn’t know of his having been given new materials. 11. We know of Faraday’s having stated the law of electromagnetic induction. 12. We heard of the new computer having been put into operation.

IX. Complete the following by translating what is given in brackets. Use the gerund. Insert prepositions or other words where necessary.

1. Why do you deny … (что встречàлàсь с ним рàньше)? 2. He will succeed … (поступить в университет). 3. He couldn’t get used … (чтобы нàд ним смеялись). 4. I don’t feel … (звонить ей). 5. She gave up … (игрàть в теннис) and started … (бегàть по утрàм). 6. Do you mind … (я открою окно)? 7. We couldn’t … (не смеяться) looking at her clumsy movements. 8. They were proud of themselves … (что впервые сконструировàли этот прибор). 9. Don’t avoid … (нàвещàть зàболевших знàкомых). 10. Excuse me … (что я пришел, не позвонив).

X.Complete the following sentences using the gerund.

1.Do you prefer …? 2. Your clothes need … . 3. Thank you for … . 4. Do you mind … . 5. He looks forward to … . 6. We are tired of … . 7. I don’t object to … . 8. What is your idea of …? 9. She is fond of … . 10. They accused him of… . 11. Who is responsible for ….? 12. The teacher continued … . 13. The article is worth…. 14. Have you finished …? 15 The student is good at … .

XI. Translate into English using the gerund.

1. Âы не возрàжàете, если я воспользуюсь вàшим телефоном? 2. Ñтоит обдумàть предложение еще рàз, чтобы избежàть ошибок. 3. Ïростите, что я сновà беспокою вàс. 4. Ìогу я положиться нà то, что вы сделàете все возможное в этой ситуàции? 5. Åго рàздрàжàло, когдà его прерывàли нà кàждом слове. 6. Âàшà мàшинà нуждàется в ремонте, и чем скорее вы его сделàете, тем лучше. 7. Ïрежде, чем что-либо сделàть, тщàтельно обдумàйте все последствия. 8. ß не одобряю того, что вы трàтите много времени понàпрàсну. 9. Ìногие люди используют Èнтернет только для получения и отпрàвления писем. 10. Ìиллионы людей пользуются Èнтернетом, и их число постоянно рàстет.

Ð À Á Î Ò À Ñ Ò Å Ê Ñ Ò Î Ì

Text A. THE INTERNET

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The Internet, a global computer network, embracing millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packetswitching network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network, which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.

Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet; there are millions, their number growing by thousands each month worldwide.

The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, having access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher.

In many developing countries the Internet may provide business people with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunication systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: a user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.

But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centres already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled – but inexpensive – Chinese computer-aided-design specialists.

However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programmes available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding, i.e. “in the clear”. But when it becomes necessary to

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send important information over the network, these encoding programmes may be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems, which will take time to be resolved.

======================VOCABULARY===================

access, n	доступ
communicate, v	общàться
embrace, v	охвàтывàть
encode, v	рàсшифровывàть, декодировàть
fee, n	оплàтà
garment, n	одеждà
global/ worldwide network	всемирнàя сеть
host, adj	узловой
knock out	здесь: порàжàть
message, n	сообщение, послàние
packet switching	пàкетнàя коммутàция
provider, n	здесь: постàвщик электронных услуг
reliable, adj	нàдежный
route, n	путь, курс, мàршрут
route around, v	обойти
router, n	рàспределитель
send over, v	отпрàвлять
survive, v	выжить, пережить

======================================================

I. Read the following international words. Guess their meaning. Consult a dictionary if necessary.

Computer, experiment, design, information, technology, million, popular, service, alternative, telecommunication, system, commercial, local, distance, architecture, company, centre, concept, specialist, problem, special, programme, technical.

II. Read and translate the following word combinations:

all over the world, to stay in touch, owing to, to survive a war, to pay a fee, to save money, computer-aided design, to send over.

III. Match the English phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1) global network	à) почàсовàя оплàтà
2) garment center	b) рàзвивàющàяся стрàнà
3) developing country	c) блàгодàря этому

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4) shortest path available	d) глобàльнàя сеть
5) growing number	e) центр изготовления одежды
6) hourly fee	f) крàтчàйший свободный путь
7) owing to this	g) возрàстàющее число
8) to resolve problems	h) экономить деньги
9) to receive messages	i) пережить àтомную войну
10) to intercept a message	j) нàпрàвляться
11) to survive a nuclear war	k) общàться по
12) to be in touch	l) получàть сообщения
13) to embrace millions of	m) поддерживàть контàкты
users
14) to count accurately	n) кàтàстрофически возрàстàть
15) to communicate over	o) проводить сделки
16) to increase drastically	p) решàть проблемы
17) to save money	q) точно подсчитàть
18) to conduct transactions	r) включàть миллионы пользовàтелей
19) to be directed to	s) перехвàтить сообщение
IV. Read the text ‘The Internet’.

a) Find the English equivalents to the following Russian phrases:

знàчительно увеличиться, опытный специàлист, иметь доступ, пережить войну, поддерживàть связь, проходить через сеть, нàпрàвлять дàнные, войти в компьютер, передàнное сообщение, проводить сделки, узловые компьютеры, во всем мире.

b) Find all the ing-forms in the text. State whether they are gerunds or participles. Define their functions.

V. Complete the following sentences. Consult the text ‘The Internet’.

1.Information sent over the Internet … .

2.Any two computers on the Internet … .

3.Nobody knows exactly … .

4.The Internet may provide … .

5.Commercial use of the network will greatly increase if … .

6.Routers are … .

VI. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons.

1.The Internet began in the United Kingdom in 1969.

2.If some computers on the network are knocked out information will route around them.

3.Most of the Internet host computers are located in more than 100 countries.

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4.There are thousands of people using the Internet, and the number is constantly growing.

5.The most popular Internet service is e-mail.

6.Communication over the Internet is very expensive and unreliable.

7.Business people can make money from the Internet.

8.There is a possibility to get into any computer and change the data being sent over the Internet.

9.There are no encoding programmes available.

VII. Think and answer.

1.What is the Internet?

2.How did it start?

3.How many Internet users are there in the world?

4.What is the path of the information sent over the Internet?

5.What is the most popular Internet service?

6.Are the Internet services expensive?

7.Why is it possible to intercept or even change the data, while they are travelling to the point of their destination?

8.Is information sent over the Internet coded?

9.What can be done with the help of the Internet?

VIII. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Èнтернет – глобàльнàя компьютернàя сеть, которàя нàсчитывàет миллионы пользовàтелей во внешнем мире.

2.Ñеть появилàсь в результàте военного экспериментà, который нàчàлся в ÑØÀ в 1969 г.

3.Öелью экспериментà было выживàние в ходе ядерной войны.

4.Èнформàция, посылàемàя по Èнтернету, идет от одного компьютерà к другому по возможному крàтчàйшему пути.

5.Íикто не может точно подсчитàть, сколько людей в мире пользуются Èнтернетом, ибо их миллионы, и число это ежемесячно возрàстàет нà несколько тысяч.

6.Áольшинство людей, которые имеют доступ к Èнтернету, используют сеть только для передàчи и получения сообщений.

7.Íо есть и другие услуги, предостàвляемые Èнтернетом.

8.Âо многих рàзвивàющихся стрàнàх Èнтернет может обеспечить бизнесменов нàдежной связью, в отличие от дорогих и ненàдежных систем телекоммуникàции.

9.Êто же нà сàмом деле оплàчивàет отпрàвку сообщений по Èнтернету нà дàльние рàсстояния? Îтвет прост: пользовàтель плàтит ежемесячную плàту фирме – постàвщику электронных услуг (провàйдеру).

10.Âсе остàльные вопросы решàет провàйдер.

11.Ýкономия денег – не единственное преимущество Èнтернетà.

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