Учебное пособие Английский для бакалавров. Часть 2

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6.The students (обсуждàющие) this problem will take part in the scientific conference.

7.The problems (обсуждàемые) at the conference are very complicated.

XII. Read and translate the sentences with participles as adverbial modifiers.

Model: When heated, the molecules move more intensely.

Êогдà молекулы нàгревàются, они движутся более интенсивно.

1.While being a student Newton was greatly interested in the discoveries which had been made before.

2.Though conducted with care the test didn’t give the expected results.

3.While solving a problem one must take into consideration all the methods related to the problem in question.

4.One should be very attentive when comparing the results of two experiments conducted by different methods.

5.If properly conducted the experiment must bring the desired results.

6.When passed through a motor, electric current can do work.

7.Unless repaired, this part can’t be used in the radio set.

8.If cooled, the water becomes ice.

9.Unless treated properly, this material won’t be a good insulator.

10.When heated, solids expand little as compared with liquids.

XIII. Analyze the sentences with the Objective Participle Construction. Translate.

1. I heard him speaking at the conference. 2. They observed us making experiments. 3. I found him writing a report. 4. We saw the device tested. 5. We watched the car being examined. 6. We want our translations corrected. 7. She got her photo taken. 8. He had the engine of his car examined.

XIV. Compare the couples of sentences with and without the Absolute Participle Construction.

1.a) Having brought the dictionaries from the library, the students began to translate the article.

b)The dictionaries having been brought from the library, the students began to translate the article.

2.a) Having finished my translation, I gave it to the teacher.

b)The translation having been finished, I gave it to the teacher.

3.a) Having finished the experiment, the students left the laboratory.

b)The experiment having been finished, the students left the laboratory.

4.a) The professor delivering the lecture is a famous scientist.

b)The professor delivering the lecture, the students listened to him with great interest.

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XV. Translate the sentences with the Absolute Participle Construction.

1.My friend was reading an English article, his brother watching television.

2.Electrical devices find a wide application in every house, a refrigerator being one of them.

3.The energy sources of the world decreasing, the scientists have to look for new sources of energy.

4.There are different sources of energy, the sun being an unlimited source of all forms of energy.

5.Industrial applications of energy increasing, more and more energy is needed every year.

6.Molecules are constantly in rapid motion, the motion becoming more rapid with an increase of temperature.

7.The atoms of different substances have different weights, their properties being also different.

8.The atomic energy being developed in a reactor in the form of heat, we can get both heat and power.

9.Power is the basis of civilization, all industry and transport being dependent upon power.

10.An electric conductor being moved in a magnetic field, an electric current is generated.

11.There are many different types of transformers, the principles of action being the same in each case.

12.The proposal being unconstitutional, the committee rejected it.

13.England being a constitutional monarchy, the Queen of England is only a formal ruler.

14.The final round of the negotiations over, a joint communiqué was signed.

15.London is not only the center of commerce and finance but also a great port, with many of the imported and exported goods passing through it.

16.It being Sunday, the shops were closed.

17.There being a lot of things to discuss, the conference lasted long.

XVI. Combine two sentences into one using the Absolute Participle Construction.

Model: The article was written; they sent it to the journal. The article being written, they sent it to the journal.

Êогдà стàтья былà нàписàнà, они отпрàвили ее в журнàл.

1.The train has left; we went home.

2.The book was read; we decided to discuss it.

3.The first part of the work was completed; the results were published.

4.The journal contained a number of interesting articles; one of them was devoted to cybernetics.

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5.Many specialists work on the problem of corrosion; special attention is paid to the problems of protection of steel surfaces from corrosion.

6.The articles on plasma chemistry were published; the students got interested in them.

7.Electrons move through a wire; electrical energy is generated.

8.The temperature of a wire is raised; the motion of the electrons increases.

XVII. Complete the sentences using the Absolute Participle Construction.

1.There are a few ways of generating electric current, (причем все они основàны нà одном и том же принципе).

2.The atoms and electrons are usually in a state of rapid motion, (причем скорость их движения является функцией темперàтуры).

3.The name ‘electronics’ is derived from the word ‘electron’, (причем слово ‘электрон’ ознàчàет ‘янтàрь’).

4.(Êогдà свободные электроны движутся в одном нàпрàвлении), a direct current results.

5.(Êогдà число свободных электронов в веществе возрàстàет), the conductivity of that substance increases.

6.The article deals with optical electronics, (причем особое внимàние уделяется лàзерàм).

7.(Ïосле того, кàк монитор починили), we could use it in our work.

8.The lecturer spoke on the problems of space research, (причем его лекция былà проиллюстрировàнà диàгрàммàми).

XVIII. Revise the grammar material on participles and participle constructions. Translate the sentences.

A.1. There’s always something sad about two ships passing each other during the night. 2. The English spoken by most educated people in Britain is known as the Queen’s English or Standard English. It is the English taught in universities and schools and the kind heard on the BBC. 3. Money saved is money gained. 4. A trouble shared is a trouble halved. 5. The project being realized was proposed by a team of scientists. 6. Entering or leaving a room with ladies, don’t rush before them. Remember the golden rule of every gentleman: “Ladies first”. 7. When asked if he realized the danger, he said he did. 8. You’ll see more of the country-side traveling by coach. 9. Being a poor speller, he didn’t like writing letters. 10. Having read the note, he folded it and put it away. 11. Arriving at the station, he consulted the timetable again. 12. When crossing the street in London, look first to the right, then to the left. 13. While playing tennis, be sure you hold the racket in the right way. 14. Based on a real life event, the story aroused everybody’s interest. 15. Looked at from a different angle, the problem didn’t seem very difficult.

B.1. Explained again, the rule became quite clear to everybody. 2. The rule explained, we started doing the exercises. 3. The rule being explained is not easy. 4.

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The rule explained is difficult. 5. We would like it explained again. 6. If explained, the rule will not seem difficult.

C. 1. The man saved was a Norwegian sailor. 2. The man saved a Norwegian sailor. 3. All the children having been saved, everybody felt relieved. 4. Having saved the boy’s life, the doctor felt relieved. 5. I want him saved. 6. The passengers are being saved.

XIX. Write in English. Use participles where possible.

1.Ãотовясь к ответу, он просмотрел свои зàписи.

2.Ìы сидели в àудитории, ожидàя преподàвàтеля.

3.Ïример, приведенный Âàми, не совсем прàвилен.

4.Ýлектрический двигàтель, преобрàзующий электрическую энергию в мехàническую, широко используется в повседневной жизни.

5.Ãоворя об электрическом токе, мы можем упомянуть имя Âольты.

6.Ïонижàя темперàтуру, мы зàмедляем химическую реàкцию.

7.Ýлектрические приборы, упомянутые в этой стàтье, были создàны русскими учеными.

8.Èзмерив темперàтуру воды, мы приступили к эксперименту.

9.Ïроводя опыт, мы повысили темперàтуру; повысив темперàтуру, мы ускорили химическую реàкцию.

10.Ýксперименты, проводимые в нàшей лàборàтории, опàсны.

11.Èзучив свойствà некоторых мàтериàлов, инженер выбрàл те, которые требовàлись для его проектà.

12.Ýлементàми, обрàзующими сàхàр, являются кислород, водород и углерод.

ÐÀ Á Î Ò À Ñ Ò Å Ê Ñ Ò Î Ì

Text A. THE BIRTH OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Historians label the period in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries as the ‘Renaissance’ – a period of rebirth.

In the Renaissance Period the magnitude of scholarly and artistic activities was greatly enhanced in Europe. New knowledge was acquired which gave rise to new technologies, and the Industrial Age soon followed. The Industrial Age developed as mankind learned to harness the energy created from the burning of hydrocarbons, such as coal and petroleum. Mechanics emerged as a new science in universities.

Except for the magnetic compass, electric and magnetic energy remained a curiosity, having little practical application, until the invention of the battery by Alessandro Volta in 1800. This invention gave scientists a new tool with which to experiment, and soon the laws of electricity and magnetism were discovered.

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In 1831 Faraday discovered that rotating a conductor in a magnetic field gave rise to an electric potential, and the electric generator and motor became a reality. However, the development of the electric power industry was really spurred by the invention of a practical incandescent electric light bulb in 1879 by Thomas Edison. The electrification of cities soon followed. Alternating current and the transformer allowed electric energy to be transported over large distances, and electrical engineering as a profession was born. The first professional society for electrical engineers was founded in 1884.

The discovery of the laws of electricity and magnetism in the 1800s also gave birth to two new information industries, the telegraph and telephone industries. However, the electric power industry remained a dominant force in the first half of the 20th century.

Two new non-electrical information industries were also created in the 1800s through advances in the chemical sciences. The photographic film process was perfected and the photographic industry was born soon to be followed by the motion picture industry.

======================VOCABULARY===================

label, v	прикреплять ярлык; нàзывàть
rebirth, n	возрождение
magnitude, n	величинà, рàзмеры;
	вàжность, знàчительность
scholarly and artistic activities	деятельность ученых и
	художников
enhance, v	увеличивàть, усиливàть,
	повышàть
acquire, v	приобретàть
give rise to	вызывàть, иметь результàтом
harness, v	использовàть (кàк источник
	энергии)
emerge, v	появляться, возникàть
curiosity, n	любопытство; диковинà, редкость
law, n	зàкон
spur, v	побуждàть, стимулировàть
incandescent electric bulb	лàмпà нàкàливàния
alternating current	переменный ток
direct current	постоянный ток
advance, n	успех, прогресс, улучшение

I. Transcribe the following words. Consult the dictionary:

Europe, renaissance, compass, motor, technology, mechanics, society.

II. Mark the stress in the following words:

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present – to present, increase – to increase, decrease – to decrease, progress – to progress, process – to process.

III. Read the following international words and guess their meaning. Consult the dictionary:

historian, period, activity, technology, industry, energy, mechanics, compass, battery, experiment, electricity, magnetism, potential, generator, motor, reality, electrification, transformer, distance, profession, information, telegraph, telephone, film.

IV. Translate the nouns with the suffix –er (-or) derived from the verbs:

invent	–	изобретàть	inventor	– …
use	– использовàть		user	– …
transform	– преобрàзовывàть		transformer	– …
generate	–	генерировàть	generator	– …
operate	–	рàботàть	operator	– …
develop	– рàзрàбàтывàть		developer	– …
found	– основывàть		founder	– …
process	– обрàбàтывàть		processor	– …
receive	–	получàть	receiver	– …
conduct	– проводить		conductor	– …

V. Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them:

to label, to know, to develop, to create, to emerge, to invent, to discover, to generate, to electrify, to transport, to found, to inform, to power, to advance.

VI. Form adjectives from the following words and translate them:

electricity, industry, magnet, practice, chemistry, science, distance, reality, power, profession, photography.

VII. Match the adjectives and the nouns. Make up as many combinations as possible:

adjectives	nouns
new	society
industrial	generator
electric	motor

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magnetic	potential
practical	field
professional	tool
chemical	compass
	application
	energy
	science
	age
	technologies

VIII. Make sure you know the terms below:

technology	1) техникà
	2)	технология
	3)	техническое решение
	4)	технические средствà; устройство
	5)	метод, способ; методикà
technique(s)	1) техникà, методикà; метод, способ
	2)	технический прием; технология
	3)	оборудовàние; технические средствà
engineering	1) инженерное дело
	2)	техникà
	3)	технология
	4)	рàзрàботкà, проектировàние,
		конструировàние
	5)	мàшиностроение
	6)	строительство
		* *	*
chemical engineering		–	химическое мàшиностроение
civil engineering		–	грàждàнское строительство
communications engineering		–	техникà средств связи
electrical engineering		–	электротехникà
mechanical engineering		–	мàшиностроение
military engineering		–	военно-инженерное дело
nuclear engineering		–	ядернàя техникà
power engineering		–	энергeтикà,
			энергомàшиностроение
railroad engineering		–	железнодорожное
			строительство
space engineering		–	космическàя техникà

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general engineering subjects	–	общетехнические
		дисциплины

IX. Read and translate the following word combinations:

a period of rebirth; to give rise to; to harness the energy; except for the magnetic compass; electric power industry; to be transported over large distances; electrical engineering; professional society; information industries.

X. Read the text ‘The Birth of Electrical Engineering’. Point out the most important discoveries mentioned in the text.

XI. Answer the questions below. Use the text.

1.What period do historians call the period of rebirth?

2.What age followed the Renaissance Period?

3.What is the development of the Industrial Age connected with?

4.Who invented the first source of continuous current? When?

5.What did Faraday discover in 1831?

6.When did the electric generator and motor become a reality?

7.Who invented an incandescent electric lamp?

8.What gave birth to the telegraph and telephone industries?

9.What new non-electrical information industries were created in the 19th century?

XII. Translate the words given in brackets.

1.The discovery of the Voltaic cell gave scientists the basis (для открытия свойств электрического токà).

2.Mankind learned to harness the energy created from the burning of (угля и нефти).

3.Electric and magnetic energy remained (диковиной).

4.In 1831 Faraday discovered that rotating a conductor in a magnetic field (создàет электрический потенциàл).

5.(Ðàзвитие энергетической промышленности) was spurred by the invention of a practical incandescent electric light bulb.

6.The first professional society for (инженеров-электриков было основàно в 1884 году).

7.The discovery of (зàконов электричествà и мàгнетизмà) gave birth to two new information industries, the telegraph and telephone industries.

XIII. Translate the sentences with emphatic construction.

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1.It was the battery that Alessandro Volta made in 1800.

2.It was the Renaissance Period which spurred the development of new technologies.

3.It was in 1831 when Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electro-magnetic induction.

4.It was Ampere who showed the difference between the current and the static charges.

5.It was in 1879 when Thomas Edison invented an incandescent electric lamp.

6.It was the 19th century which gave birth to electrical engineering.

XIV. Match the words and their definitions:

a battery	an electric lamp
mechanics	the science of magnetic phenomena and properties
magnetism	a portable cell for supplying electricity
a transformer	the science of motion and force
a conductor	an apparatus that increases or decreases the voltage
	of an electric power supply
an electric light bulb	a substance that conducts heat or electric current

XV. Make up the plan of the text ‘The Birth of Electrical Engineering’. Retell the text according to your plan.

XVI. Write in English.

1.Ýлектротехникà является вàжной отрàслью техники.

2.Ðàзвитие электротехники было связàно с достижениями в облàсти электричествà и мàгнетизмà.

3.Ðàботàя в облàсти электричествà, ученые внесли большой вклàд в нàуку.

4.Èзобретение лàмпы нàкàливàния позволило электрифицировàть городà.

5.Ïеременный ток и трàнсформàтор дàли возможность передàвàть электроэнергию нà большие рàсстояния.

6.Ïосле открытия Ôàрàдея электрогенерàтор и электромотор стàли реàльностью.

7.Âозниклà новàя отрàсль – электротехникà.

XVII. Render in English.

Âеличàйшим	изобретением	в	облàсти
освещения было	создàние в 1872	г.	русским	lighting

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ученым À.Í. Ëодыгиным электрической лàмпы								incandescent filament lamp
нàкàливàния.		Ëàмпà	Ëодыгинà предстàвлялà
собой стеклянный сосуд с помещенным внутрь								glass bulb
его угольным стержнем; воздух из сосудà								carbon rod
откàчивàлся. Ïри пропускàнии по стержню								to heat
электрического токà стержень рàзогревàлся и
нàчинàл светиться. Â 1873–1874 гг. À.Í.								to become fluorescent
Ëодыгин проводил опыты по электрическому
освещению корàблей, предприятий,						улиц,
домов. Â 1879 г. àмерикàнский изобретàтель Ò.
Ýдисон создàл удобную для промышленного								carbon filament
изготовления лàмпу нàкàливàния с угольной
нитью. Ñ 1909 г. стàли применять лàмпы
нàкàливàния с зигзàгообрàзно рàсположенной								tungsten wire
вольфрàмовой			проволочкой			(нить
нàкàливàния), à спустя 3-4 годà вольфрàмовую
нить стàли изготовлять в виде спирàли. Òогдà								to fill in
же появились первые лàмпы нàкàливàния,
нàполненные		инертным		гàзом	(àргоном,			an inert gas
криптоном), что зàметно повысило срок их
службы. Ñ нàчàлà XX в. электрические лàмпы
нàкàливàния		блàгодàря		экономичности и
удобству в эксплуàтàции нàчинàют быстро и
повсеместно		вытеснять		другие	источники
светà.								carbon arc lamp
 1876 году русский инженер Ï.Í.
ßблочков изобрел дуговую угольную лàмпу
переменного		токà.	Ñистемà электрического
освещения нà переменном токе с применением
дуговых лàмп, создàннàя Ï.Í. ßблочковым –
‘русский свет’ – демонстрировàлàсь нà
Âсемирной выстàвке в Ïàриже в 1878 г. и
пользовàлàсь		исключительным			успехом.
Âскоре во Ôрàнции, Âеликобритàнии, ÑØÀ
были	основàны		компàнии		по	ее
использовàнию.

XVIII. Speak about P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin, the two Russian inventors. The text given below will help you.

АЛЕКСАНДР НИКОЛАЕВИЧ ЛОДЫГИН (1847-1923)

Àлексàндр Íиколàевич Ëодыгин — зàмечàтельный русский

изобретàтель, сумевший преодолеть первую, сàмую трудную чàсть пути к создàнию электрической лàмпочки, которàя светит сегодня

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