Lesson five

Read and translate the text.

Atmospheric electricity

Electricity plays such an important part in modern life that in order to get it, men have been burning millions of tons of coal. Coal is burned instead of its being mainly used as a source of valuable chemical substances which it contains. Therefore, finding new sources of electric energy is a most important problem that scientists and engineers try to solve. In this connection one might ask: "Is it possi­ble to develop methods of harnessing lightning?" In other words, could atmospheric electricity be transformed into useful energy?

Indeed, hundreds of millions of volts are required for a lightning spark about one and a half kilometer long. However, this does not represent very much energy because of the intervals between single thunderstorms. As for the power spent in producing lightning flashes all over the world, it is only about 1/10,000 of the power got by man­kind from the sun, both in the form of light and heat. Thus, the source in question may interest only the scientists of the future.

It has already been mentioned that atmospheric electri­city is the earliest manifestation of electricity known to man. However, nobody understood that phenomenon and its properties until Benjamin Franklin made his kite ex­periment. On studying the Leyden jar (for long years the only known condenser), Franklin began thinking that light­ning was a strong spark of electricity. He began experiment­ing in order to draw electricity from the clouds to the earth. The story about his famous kite is known all over the world.

On a stormy day Franklin and his son went into the country taking with them some necessary things such as: a kite with a long string, a key and so on. The key was connected to the lower end of the string. "If lightning is the same as electricity," Franklin thought, "then some of its sparks must come down the kite string to the key." Soon the kite was flying high among the clouds where light­ning flashed. However, the kite having been raised, some time passed before there was any proof of its being electri­fied. Then the rain fell and wetted the string. The wet string conducted the electricity from the clouds down the string to the key. Franklin and his son both saw electric sparks which grew bigger and stronger. Thus, it was proved that lightning is a discharge of electricity like that got from the batteries of Leyden jars.

Trying to develop a method of protecting buildings during thunderstorms, Franklin continued studying that problem and invented the lightning conductor. He wrote necessary instructions for the installation of his invention, the principle of his lightning conductor being in use until now. Thus, protecting buildings from strokes of lightning was the first discovery in the field of electricity employed for the good of mankind.

Exercises

I. Learn the following words, groups of words and sen­tences. Translate the sentences.

1. all over the world— во всем мире. Yuri Gagarin is known all over the world.

2. because of — из-за, вследствие. Uranium is dangerous because of its radioactivity.

3. to burn — сжигать. We burn coal to get energy.

4. to connect — соединять, связывать. All the batter­ies are connected. My work is connected with semicon­ductors.

5. to develop — развивать, разрабатывать. Franklin de­veloped a new theory of electricity.

6. discovery — открытие. Faraday made his famous dis­covery in 1831.

7. to electrify — электрифицировать; электризовать. Our country is electrified. These objects are electrified.

8. engineer — инженер. We shall become engineers.

9. field — поле; область (науки, техники). In autumn our students worked in the fields. In what field of science did Volta work?

10. instead of — вместо. What fuel can be used instead of coal?

11. to mention — упоминать. Speaking about continuous current we can mention the name of Volta.

12. power — энергия; держава. The reactor supplies pow­er to the turbine. The Russian Federation is a great power.

13. to protect — защищать. Workers of the nuclear pow­er station are protected from radiation.

14. substance — вещество; материя. Many chemical sub­stances can be produced from coal.

15. valuable — ценный. Coal is the source of valuable substances.

II. Learn to recognize the following international words.

secret, atom, to circulate, station, thermal, problem, electron, conductor, professor, experiment, at­mospheric, method, academician, interval, condenser.

III. Translate the following groups of words.

to burn coal, because of water power, to electrify met­al, useful substance, in the field of radio, to develop new devices, instead of chemical sources, to power the motor

новое открытие, во всем мире, полезные свойства, известные инженеры, защищать дома, наэлект­ризованный предмет.

IV. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs, if necessary. Answer the following questions.

1. What ... the earliest manifestation of electricity? 2. What…electricity? 3. What ... the early Scandina­vians think about thunderstorms? 4. Who ... burning millions of tons of coal? 5. What property ... Thor's hammer possess? 6. Who ... invented the lightning con­ductor? 7. What experiments ... Lomonosov and Rihman make? 8. What device ... constructed by Rihman? 9. Who…constructed the first measuring device?

V. Put questions to the words in bold type.

1. Benjamin Franklin made his kite experiment. 2. No­body understood that phenomenon. 3. The story of his kite is known all over the world. 4. On a stormy day Franklin and his son went into the country. 5. The key was connected to the lower end of the string. 6. Soon the kite was flying high among the clouds. 7. The electric sparks proved that lightning is a discharge of electricity. 8. The wet string conducted the electricity. 9. Franklin invented the light­ning conductor.

VI. For the words given in (a) find the Russian equivalents in (b).

a) 1. to connect; 2. scientific; 3. because of; 4. charge; 5. power; 6. to destroy; 7. to protect; 8. phenomenon; 9. to name after; 10. to develop; 11. observation; 12. discovery; 13. property; 14. to electrify; 15. substance; 16. to solve a problem

b) 1. называть в честь; 2. вещество; 3. защищать; 4. свойство; 5. научный; 6. наблюдение; 7. решать проб­лему; 8. из-за; 9. открытие; 10. соединять; 11. сила, энергия; 12. заряд; 13. явление; 14. разрушать; 15. раз­рабатывать; 16. электризовать.

VII. Fill in the blanks with prepositions.

1. It is dangerous to go … … a stormy day. 2. Light­ning is a very great flash ... light resulting ... a discharge... atmospheric electricity. 3. Protecting buildings ... light­ning was the first discovery ... the field ... electricity used ... the good ... mankind. 4. ... thousands ... years people knew nothing ... thunderstorms. 5. Lightning flashes are followed ... thunder which can be heard ... kilometers around. 6. There is always some danger ... a thunderstorm ... a very high building or a man standing ... the open field. 7. It is difficult to see a single drop ... water ... the sea. 8. Some scientists ... the past melted metals ... the help ... solar furnaces. 9. Modern civili­zation cannot do ... electrical appliances. 10. Electric current is necessary ... the operation ... trolley-buses, buses, and modern trains.

VIII. Form five sentences combining suitable parts of the sentences given in columns I and II.

I II

1. The generator 1. measures the temperature

of hot melted metals.

2. The lightning conductor 2. lifts objects

weighing thousands of tons.

3. The motor 3. turns electrical energy

into mechanical energy

4. The electric crane 4. protects buildings from

lightning strokes.

5. The pyrometer 5. converts mechanical

energy into electrical

energy.

IX. Describe Franklin's kite experiment.

X. Make up the annotation of the text and retell it.