X. Underline the gerund and define the forms of it in the examples given below. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Programming is the process of preparing, testing and correcting instructions for a computer.

2. Is any metal capable of being drawn out into a wire?

3. After having been subjected to severe testing the material was recommended for use.

4. A motor-starter is a device for starting motors from rest by the simple act of closing the switch.

5. A constant speed of the device is maintained by supplying it with energy.

6. Steam is an important factor in producing usable energy because of the power being created by its expansion.

7. One of the problems modern research laboratories are working at is the problem of finding materials that can serve as electrical conductors in fusion reactors.

8. On having lost some of its electrons, the atom has a positive charge.

XI. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms of the gerund. Define the functions of the gerund. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The thunder is caused by (to heat) the air by a spark.

2. A lightning conductor is a means of (to protect) buildings from strokes of (to light).

3. After (to study) the phenomenon of atmospheric electricity, Franklin invented the lightning conductor.

4. Franklin’s (to work) in the field of electricity is known the world over.

5. Before (to make) experiments Franklin made numerous observations.

6. (to protect) buildings from strokes of lightning was impossible before Franklin’s time.

7. Heat is developed on (to split) atoms in the reactor.

XII. Find the gerund (paragraph 3) in text 4 a. Define the functions of the gerund.

XIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to the Gerundial Complex.

1. The students read about the new achievements having been made in the field of nuclear physics.

2. We know of the earth behaving as a large magnet.

3. Thanks to the computer being invented, it is possible to process data quickly.

4. I was told of his having been appointed a manager.

5. I dislike my relatives’ interfering in my affairs.

6. His having asked such a question shows that he is interested in this problem.

XIV. Use Participle I, Participle II or the Gerund of the verbs in brackets and translate the sentences.

1. (to cool) an electric conductor results in its reduced resistance to electric current.

2. What is the name of an (to insulate) material (to use) to prevent an electric shock?

3. The (to apply) technique brought about quite unexpected results.

4. Mica is used as a dielectric due to (to have) high voltage strength.

5. The world’s first tidal power station, a plant on the Rance River in France, began (to operate) in 1966.

6. Solar energy has been converted to electricity by (to use) solar cells, which are semiconductor devices (to produce) from thin slices of silicon.

XV. Translate the following sentences and define the non-finite forms of the verb.

1. Speaking of the magnet, the inventor made reference to its property of attracting iron and steel.

2. Russian people constructed many hydroelectric stations, the one on the Angara being one of the largest.

3. In studying magnetism, we can’t help observing the relation between magnetism and the electric current.

4. The atoms of different substances possess different weights, their properties being also various.

5. Gilbert greatly contributed to the study of magnetism, Galileo taking great interest in Gilbert’s achievements.

6. It was proved that lightning is a discharge of electricity.