- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
376
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
when
they moved across from Ireland and began their conquest and
absorption of the Pictish kingdom. The inference is that the
Goidelic invasion of western Scotland was an important mass
movement of people.
Another
series, including 54 male Lowland Scottish crania,11
was drawn from the counties which include the former Kymric kingdom
of Strathclyde, as well as part of Berenicia. In this series
both Keltic Iron Age and Saxon type crania are represented, the
former with the greater frequency. It is to be noted that the
cranial type of the northern Kymri is not perceptibly different from
that of the Irish-derived Gaels.
A
third series, consisting of 22 modern male crania from the
northeastern shires of Scotland, and mostly from Fifeshire,
differs radically from the two described above.12
Ten out of the twenty-two crania are brachycephalic, with the
highest index 87, and the mean for the groups is 80.2. These skulls
are large, with a mean cranial length of 185.4 mm.; they are both
wide and long faced, with a bizygomatic mean of 135 mm., and a
menton-nasion height of 123 mm.; they fall morphologically as well
as metrically into a full-sized Bronze Age category, and represent
the usual Bronze Age blend in which Borreby and Dinaric elements are
most noticeable. The importance of this series is that in the part
of Scotland which remained Pictish longest, an aggregation of
crania from as late as the nineteenth century, selected at random,
should show the survival of Bronze Age racial types in
comparative purity.
In
the following study of the racial character of the living population
of the British Isles, I shall reverse the usual order of “Great
Britain and Ireland,55
and deal first with Eire. There are two excellent reasons for this
decision; in the first place, Ireland, being the westernmost of the
two islands, is the more marginal in an ethnological as well as
geographical sense, it is the less varied, and has had the
simpler racial history; in the second place, anthropometric data
concerning the Irish are abundant, accurate, and detailed,
while those which serve to describe the English, Welsh, and Scots
are far less satisfactory.13
11 Hooke,
B. G. E., and Morant, G. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 99-104.
Turner,
Sir W., TRSE, vol. 40, part iii, 1902-03, pp. 547-614; JAPL, vol.
37, 1903, pp. 392-408.
w
Reworked from Turner, TRSE, vol. 51, 1917, pp. 171-253.
13
This section is almost entirely based upon the as yet unpublished
series of some 10,000 adult Irish males, drawn from all counties,
all religious communities, and all social and occupational levels in
both Eire and Northern Ireland. This huge and amply documented
series was measured by Mr. C. Wesley Dupertuis under the auspices of
the Division of Anthropology of Harvard University, and with the
close codperation of both governments in Ireland. The data have been
tabulated and seriated in the Harvard Anthropometric Laboratory,
under the direction of Professor Earnest A.
Ireland
THE
BRITISH ISLES
377
Historically,
we have seen that Ireland was settled at successive periods by
Palaeolithic survivors from northern Europe by way of Scotland, by
Megalithic Atlanto-Mediterraneans, by Dinaric peoples from the
eastern Mediterranean who came by way of Spain, by Keltic Iron Age
Nordics, and by various groups of Scandinavians, of Normans, and of
English. Of these various peoples the one which gave the island its
language and the characteristic flavor of its historic culture was
the Keltic. Christian Iron Age skeletal remains, from various parts
of Ireland, belong predominantly to the Keltic Iron Age type,
and are very similar to the skeletal series from sixteenth century
London reviewed in the last section.14
The
living Irish, who form the world’s largest surviving bloc of
Keltic people in the cultural sense, are also to a certain extent
and in many instances representatives of this racial type; but
this is not the chief one represented, and the individual Irish
frequently recapitulate each of the different racial elements which
have contributed to Irish ethnic history. By and large, geographical
differences in Ireland are not great; it is possible to define
a mean or total Irish type, and then to see how this may be broken
up into local elements.
The
composite Irishman, representing the mean of ten thousand of his
countrymen, is 35 years old, 172 cm. tall, and weighs 157 pounds. He
is well built, muscular, and large boned, with shoulders 39 cm.
broad, and a trunk length which is 53.3 per cent of his total
height. His arms are long, and his span is 105.3 per cent of his
stature. So far, his bodily dimensions and proportions might be
matched among western Norwegians, Icelanders, many Swedes,
Livs, and Finns of Finland. His head is large, for Ireland has
consistently the largest head size of any equal land area in Europe.
The three principal vault dimensions of his head, 196 mm. by 154 mm.
by 125 mm., give him the mesocephalic cephalic
Haddon,
A. C., and Browne, C. R., The
Ethnography of the Aran Islands.
Gould,
B. A., Investigations
in the Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers.
Hrdlifcka,
A., The
Old Americans.
m
Martin,
C. P., Prehistoric
Man in Ireland.Hooton.
This material will be summarized in the following pages with the
express permission of the appropriate authorities; its present
use is intended in no way to anticipate the later publication
of a detailed report by Professor Hooton and Mr. Dupertuis, which
report will contain a careful racial analysis impossible here.
Opinions expressed in these pages as to the racial significance of
this material are my own, and do not necessarily anticipate the
findings of the future authors of the detailed monograph.Earlier
works upon the physical anthropology of the living Irish, useful for
comparative purposes and for detailed regional study, include:Beddoe,
J., RBAA, vol. 64, 1894, p. 775.Browne,
C. R., PRIA, ser. 3, vol. 3, 1893-96, pp. 317-370, 587-649; vol. 4,
1896- 98, pp. 74-111; vol. 5,1898-1900, pp. 223-268, 269-293; vol.
6,1900-02, pp. 503-534.Series
of Irish measured in America are to be found in:Davenport,
G. B., and Love, A. G., Army
Anthropometry.
Howeils, W. W., AJPA, vol. 23, 1937, pp. 19-29.
378
THE
RAGES OF EUROPE
index
of nearly 79, and the moderately hypsicephalic length-height index
of 64. His cranial vault, like his body, could again be matched
among the larger-headed peoples of Scandinavia and the Baltic lands.
Both
his forehead and his lower jaw are unusually broad, with minimum
frontal and bigonial diameters of over 109 mm.; this great facial
breadth is furthermore expressed by a bizygomatic diameter of 141
mm. The face is long as well as broad, with a menton-nasion height
of 127 mm., and an upper face height of 73 mm. The facial index of
over 90 is leptoprosopic, while the upper facial index of less
than 52 is mesene. The nasal dimensions of 56 mm. and 36 mm.
indicate a large nose, with an only moderately leptorrhine nasal
index of between 64 and 65.
Without
further details, it is possible to state what, in a general sense,
the metrical dimensions and proportions summarized above must mean.
In stature and in sagittal dimensions of the head and face, the
composite Irishman might well be considered a Nordic in the Iron Age
sense, of the Hallstatt variety as represented by living inhabitants
of eastern Norway, or even of the Keltic Iron Age variety as
represented by abundant skeletal series from England. But in total
bulk and in lateral diameters, he exceeds any known Nordic form, and
in fact cannot be considered an unmixed descendant of the greater
Mediterranean family of races. He is comparable in these respects to
the western Norwegians, to the Livs, and to some of the Finns. In
order to explain his metrical character, it is necessary to invoke
the mass absorption by either Megalithic Atlanto- Mediterraneans, or
Iron Age Nordics, or both, of an earlier Upper Palaeolithic
strain, which entered Ireland in a Mesolithic cultural condition.
The living composite Irishman is not a pure Cro-Magnon or Briinn-
Pfedmost man, but it would be no exaggeration to say that, from a
metrical standpoint, at least half of his genetic ancestry is
to be derived from such a source. Since the number of Mesolithic
cultural survivors must have been quite small in proportion to that
of the later invaders of Ireland, we are faced with a not uncommon
situation, in which an older racial element has, by differential
breeding rates, reemerged.
Having
established our composite Irishman, let us see what the differences
are from this standard in reference to religious groups and to
regions. The Catholics, who form the great majority of the
population, fall close to the means reviewed above. The
Presbyterians, who are concentrated in the North and who are in
part the descendants of immigrants from Scotland, are a centimeter
taller and three pounds heavier than the Catholics; their heads are
a millimeter longer, a millimeter narrower, and a millimeter higher;
their foreheads are a little narrower, their upper face heights
longer, while other dimensions remain practically the same. The
members of the Anglican Church of Ireland, on the other hand, are
THE
BRITISH ISlES
379
virtually
the same as the Catholics in height and weight, and in head length
and head height, but are smaller in head breadth, the three breadths
of the face, and in nose size. While the Orangemen slightly exceed
the Catholics in some of the features which make the Irish type
distinctive, the Church of Ireland Protestants tend rather toward a
more usual Nordic metrical norm.
The
regional differences are not great, with a single exception, that of
the Aran Isles. The hypermarginal, culturally conservative Gaelic
speakers of these islands seem to have formed, in isolation and by
inbreeding, a distinct local racial entity. They are the tallest
Irish group, with a mean stature of 174.5 cm.; they are longer
legged, leaner, and lighter in weight than most of the others; their
head length mean reaches the excessive dimension of 198.3 mm., while
their head height, 120.3 mm., is extremely low. Thus they have
the relatively low cephalic index of 77.8, and the orthocephalic
length-height index of 60.7. Their total face height reaches the
extreme mean of 130 mm., their nose height of 57 mm. It is
impossible, at present at least, to discover a continental prototype
for the Aran Island racial dimensions. For the moment we must
consider it a local development of race-forming proportions.
Aside
from the Aran Islands, we find that the tallest population lives
along the western coast, from Galway to Kerry; the shortest in the
east, in the counties of Wicklow, Carlow, and Dublin. The heaviest
men live in the western counties, with one center in Mayo, Galway,
and Roscommon, another in Kerry. In these counties the means
attain 160-161 pounds; in the east, from Louth to Carlow, they fall
to 153-154 pounds. There is very little regional variation in head
length, but the breadth varies from means of over 155 mm. in Cork,
Kerry, Limerick, Clare, and Mayo, to those between 152 and 153 mm.
in all of southeastern and eastern counties included within a line
drawn from Armagh to Longford, and south to Waterford. Head height
varies little, and the same is true of the sagittal dimensions of
the face. The same regional divisions which are seen in head breadth
are maintained in the three breadths of the face; minimum frontals
and bigonials of 110 and 111 mm. typify the western counties, of 107
and 108 mm. the eastern; western bizygomatic means run to 141 and
142 mm., those in the east to 139 mm. On the whole, greater size and
greater laterality are concentrated in the western counties from
Mayo and Galway to Cork, with Kerry as the greatest center; in Kerry
the cephalic index rises to 80; in the eastern counties it falls to
78. The inference is that the maximum survival of the Mesolithic
food- gathering population is to be found in the west and southwest
of Ireland, in the more mountainous, more rugged part of the
country, and in the very section which is poor in archaeological
remains; on the other hand
380
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
the
descendants of the later invaders, from Neolithic through Iron Age
times, are most concentrated on the more fertile land along the
Irish Sea, and on the Great Plain.
Let
us now examine the pigment characters and morphological traits of
the Irish, both as a total group and regionally. In the first place,
the Irish are almost uniquely pale skinned when unexposed, untanned
parts of the body, are observed. Out of 10,000 men, over 90 per cent
had skins of the pale pink shade represented by von Luschan #3,
while not a single individual was darker than von Luschan #11.
Although regional differences are not great, they are suggestive. In
the southwestern coastal regions which we have designated as a
metrical unit, the darker shades run from 4 per cent to 7 per cent;
in the east, in the central plain and the counties near and south of
Dublin, they run from 10 per cent to 18 per cent.
The
pale Irish skin, where exposed to the sun, shows a marked
inclination to freckling. Forty per cent of the entire group
are freckled to some extent; in Kerry the ratio rises as high as 60
per cent, in Waterford and Wexford, Carlow and Wicklow—the
southeastern counties—it falls to 30 per cent. Thus a difference
of two to one in this character serves to differentiate the
southwest from the southeast even more clearly than do metrical
criteria.
The
hair form shows a difference between Protestants and Catholics; 44
per cent of Protestants have straight hair, and only 28 per cent of
Catholics; the most numerous category in both groups, however, is
low waves. The hair is almost uniformly medium in texture; coarse
and fine alike are rare. The beard is moderately developed in the
general European sense, extremely heavy and sparse beards are alike
rare. At the same time the body hair, which is almost always
present, is of a moderate development, and few very hairy men are
found. The Aran Islanders are much less hairy, much thinner bearded,
and on the whole straighter haired, than the other Irish. Elsewhere
the waviest hair, along with a minimum of pilous development, is
found in the Great Plain.
The
hair color of the Irish is predominantly brown; black hair accounts
for less than 3 per cent of the total, while the ashen series
(Fischer #20-26) amounts to but one-half of one per cent. Forty per
cent have dark brown hair (Fischer #4-5); 35 per cent have medium
brown (Fischer #7-9); reddish brown hues total over 5 per cent
(closest to Fischer #6, #10), while clear reds (Fischer # 1-3) run
higher than 4 per cent. The rest, some 15 per cent, fall into a
light brown to golden blond category (Fischer #11-19). Thus the hair
color of the Irish is darker than that of most regions of
Scandinavia, but not much darker than Iceland; it is notably
different from Nordic hair, as exemplified by eastern Norwegians and
Swedes,
THE
BRITISH ISLES
381
in
its almost total lack of ash-blondism. The rufous hair color pigment
reaches a world maximum here; not so much in reds as in the
prevalence of golden hues in blond and brown shades. The lightest
hair is found in the Aran Islands, where the commonest shade is,
nevertheless, medium brown; in the southwestern counties there are
more goldens and at the same time more dark-browns than in Ireland
as a whole, while the Great Plain runs fairest of all. Red hair,
with a regional maximum of 8 per cent, is commonest in Ulster,
rarest in Waterford and Wexford.
In
the proportion of pure light eyes, Ireland competes successfully
with the blondest regions of Scandinavia. Over 46 per cent of the
total group has pure light eyes, and of these all but 4 per cent are
blue. Very light- mixed eyes (equivalent to Martin #13-14) account
for another 30 per cent, while less than one-half of one per cent
have pure brown. There is probably no population of equal size
in the world which is lighter eyed, and bluer eyed, than the Irish.
The almost total absence of gray eyes corresponds to the equal
paucity of ash-blond hair. Compared to eastern Norway, Sweden, and
Finnic and Baltic groups, the eye color is disproportionately
light in comparison to hair color. Regional differences, while not
great, are of some importance. The ratio of pure blue eyes falls to
33 per cent in Kerry and Clare, and rises to 50 per cent in other
regions—Carlow and Wicklow in the southeast, and Armagh,
Monaghan, and eastern Cavan in the North. On the whole, the east is
lighter eyed than the west, as it is lighter haired. At the same
time the Presbyterians are blonder than the Catholics, who are in
turn fairer than the members of the Church of Ireland.
External
eyefolds occur in 13 per cent of the total; median and internal
eyefolds are apparently rare or lacking; eyebrows show some degree
of concurrency in all but 2 per cent of the group, and the greatest
concurrency is found in the north and east, the least in the
south and west; regional differences are consistent but small. Since
concurrent eyebrows are not a Nordic trait, and there cannot be
enough Bronze Age Dinaric blood in Ireland to have spread this
feature to the entire population, one assumes that it goes with the
older Mesolithic strain. Bushy eyebrows, not included in this
survey, are known by common observation to be prevalent among the
Irish, especially in advanced age.
Moderately
developed browridges are observed in over half the Irish group;
pronounced ones in 20 per cent. A Mediterranean smoothness of the
supraorbital region is rare. The strongest browridges are found in
the Aran Islands and in the southwestern counties, especially in
Kerry, Cork, Kilkenny, and Tipperary. Another center is found in
Ulster, and on the whole the Protestants have heavier browridges
than the Catholics.
In
the profile of the nose, convex forms total 45 per cent, straight 48
382
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
per
cent; while the rest are mostly concave. There is a special center
of nasal convexity in the northwest, especially in Donegal, Mayo,
and Galway. Concave profiles, on the other hand, are commonest
in the southwest, and reach the ratio of 10 per cent in Kerry.
Protestants are much more frequently convex in nasal profile than
Catholics, and concavity is at a minimum among them.
The
tip of the nose is of moderate thickness in three-fourths of the
Irish, thick in almost all the rest; few have really thin tips. Such
regional variation as there is shows that the fewest thick tips
occur in the Aran Isles and in northwestern Ireland; the greatest
number of them in the east, and on the Great Plain. The nasal tip of
the Irish is, on the whole, too thick for a strictly Nordic
classification. At the same time less than
per
cent of these nasal tips point downward, and almost all the rest
are inclined upward; pronouncedly upturned noses occur as
frequently as in 20 per cent of cases in some counties. Aside from
East Baltic and eastern Slavic countries, it is unlikely that any
region in Europe possesses so high a ratio of elevated nasal tips,
which, in the complex of races which have entered into the Irish
people, can only be associated with the Palaeolithic element. The
Alpines, Lapps, the East Baltics, and the central Asiatic
mongoloids, all being to some extent Palaeolithic survivors, are
all characteristically snub-nosed.
The
nasal wings are almost uniformly medium in lateral extension;
compressed and flaring forms are about equal in number and together
form but 10 per cent of the whole. The distribution of these is of
no importance, except that the most compressed are found in the
Aran Isles. The lips are as a rule of moderate thickness and
eversion; very thin, straight or convex lips are not uncommon,
particularly in the south; while very thick or very everted lips are
not found anywhere. The lips and the whole mouth region are
sometimes, however, thrown into prominence by the presence of facial
prognathism; this occurs in 8 per cent of the whole, while purely
alveolar prognathism is found in but 2 per cent. There is a strong
regional differentiation in both kinds of prognathism, however; the
center of concentration is in the eastern counties, from Armagh to
Waterford; facial prognathism reaches its maximum of 24 per cent in
Wicklow and Carlow. It is interesting to note that the counties
which show the maximum of Upper Palaeolithic features are the least
prognathous of all, and that the Protestants show it more
frequently, to a slight degree, than do the Catholics.
One
feature for which the Irish face is famous in caricature, along with
the freckles, the great malar breadth, the upturned nose, and the
long, convex upper lip, is the great prominence of the chin.
Sub-medium chin development, characteristic of many European racial
groups, is found in
THE
BRITISH ISLES
383
but
10 per cent of the whole in Ireland, but rises to 15 per cent and 17
per cent in the counties of Ulster, where it is commonest; the
extremely projecting, square chin, often cleft, also attains
nearly 10 per cent of the whole, and is concentrated in the
southwestern counties of Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Kilkenny, and
Tipperary, reaching a maximum of 15 per cent in Cork. One more
feature, less noticeable on the living but even more important as a
diagnostic of the Upper Palaeolithic survivors, is lamb- doidal
flattening. Among Irish Catholics this is found in 81 per cent of
the whole, while among Presbyterian Protestants, only 27 per cent,
and among Church of Ireland members, 40 per cent possess it. Its
regional variability is greater than that of any other character
studied; it ranges from over 90 per cent in all the western counties
to but 54 per cent in Waterford and Wexford. On the other hand some
degree of occipital flattening, which is associated with the Bronze
Age Dinaric element in the Irish population, is perceptible in 18
per cent of the population, and is especially concentrated in Ulster
and to a lesser extent in the east. It is especially prevalent among
Protestants, particularly Presbyterians.
We
have now reviewed in some detail the racial characters of the living
Irish, and are prepared to make some tentative conclusions. These
are: the Irish people represent a blend between two principal racial
groups,
the
survivors of the unreduced Upper Palaeolithic people of
northwestern Europe, in a mesocephalic or sub-brachycephalic
form, and
a
Keltic Iron Age Nordic. The other two factors, (c) the tall,
longheaded Mediterranean form brought by * the Megalithic
invaders, and (d) the Dinaric introduced during the Bronze Age,
have both been submerged by the earliest and latest population
waves.
The
Upper Palaeolithic people are concentrated in southwestern Ireland,
especially in Kerry and Cork; just in the part of Ireland from which
the Irish in America are mostly derived. The Iron Age Nordic element
is concentrated in the eastern counties and in the fertile Great
Plain region of central Ireland; what other Nordic elements brought
by Danes and English are also centered here. The Megalithic and
Bronze Age minority elements are found also in the east, and the
latter is particularly common among members of the Protestant
landlord class.
By
means of this study it is possible to reconstruct with some
probability the living appearance of the Upper Palaeolithic
men. They were typically tall, broad-shouldered, large-chested;
their heads were large, their browridges heavy to medium; their
foreheads broad and high; their faces were broad and slightly
flattish, the mouth large, with lips of moderate thickness and
little eversion, the lines around the mouth deeply drawn, the whole
lower jaw wide and deep, with a prominent chin. The nose was of
moderate to large size, straight to concave-profiled, with a