- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
210
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
by
Morant, both males and females belong to the same clearly
differentiated type, and there is no confusion between them and
the Iron Age form. They thus preserved their racial identity at
least until the end of the eighth century.
A
number of individual cemeteries, which date from the earliest period
of Saxon invasion, give us a lively picture of the manner in which
the first Saxon raiders and settlers operated. One of these is the
graveyard at East Shefford, Berkshire, containing eight male and
twelve female adults, as well as eight infantile and juvenile
specimens.86
All of the adult males thirty years of age or older represent a
single type, the classical Saxon, and all are long headed. One of
the females belongs to this same type, and she was buried
differently from the other women, with horse trappings in her grave.
The rest of the women were rounder headed, with cranial % indices
going up to 82.4, and some of them were planoccipital. They had
wider, shorter noses, some prognathism, and shorter, shallower jaws.
The adolescent women seem to be a blend of these two types. Although
many of these differences may be due to sex and age, others, such as
the fundamental head form, are clearly racial.
This
cemetery presumably represents a raiding party which settled in the
upper Thames waters before the onset of the mass invasions. It seems
to have included less than twelve men and only one woman who were
Saxons. The other women, being Bronze Age descendants, were
apparently British wives of Saxon invaders, while the children
were their offspring.
The
excavation of a round barrow at Dunstable in Bedfordshire throws
further light on the survival of the Bronze Age physical type into
the Saxon period.87
The primary burial of the barrow was a woman of the Early Bronze
Age; secondary graves contained cremated bodies of the Middle Bronze
Age, while tertiary burials, heaped in a ditch, consisted of one
hundred skeletons of persons of the Saxon period who had apparently
been executed, or slain in battle. One-tenth of them had their hands
tied behind their backs when they died. Owing to the absence of
grave goods, for these people were informally slaughtered in a
ditch, it is impossible to tell exactly who they were. The view that
they were Saxon settlers violently received by the natives is
unsubstantiated. Judging by their racial type, they must have been
natives slaughtered by the Saxons.
This
series contains a hundred skulls, of which those of 52 males are
suitable for study. This extensive series resembles the British
Bronze Age means in most dimensions, but through the narrowing of
the cranial vault, it indicates a certain degree of mixture with the
Iron Age Keltic people.
w
Dingwall, D., and Young, M., Biometrika,
vol. 25,
1933, pp. 147-157.
Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
THE
IRON AGE
211
This
excellent series, in agreement with that from Berkshire, proves
conclusively that the Bronze Age people did not die out in
England but kept on mixing steadily with the Keltic invaders and
survived racially into Saxon times.
The
Saxon invasions of the British Isles were followed by those of the
Danes, who began raiding the British Isles in the eighth century.
The Danes, many of whom were actually Norwegians, took the part of
England in which the Saxons had become densely settled, but they
also raided extensively in the north of Scodand and in Ireland.
Very few skulls of these Danes are available for study, but they
belong, almost without exception, to the expected northwestern
Nordic variety.88
Neither a series of six males from the Orkneys, nor of fourteen from
various places in Ireland, differs from the type of the Saxons. The
further Germanic invasion of the Normans, after their sojourn in
France, took place in such late times that the remains of these
Normans still repose in Christian cemeteries, and are subjected to
the same restrictions which protect the skeletons of the solvent
recently deceased from the hands of the anthropologist.
The
West Germans who invaded Bavaria, southwestern Germany, northern
Switzerland, and Austria, transformed previously Keltic and Illyrian
regions into permanent areas of Germanic speech and culture. The
tribes most fully responsible for this were the Franks, the
Alemanni, the Bajuvars, and the Thuringians. The skeletons contained
in the cemeteries used by these peoples during the first
centuries of their settlement have been extensively studied, and it
is not difficult to determine to what extent the Germanic type, as
exemplified by the Hanoverians, Anglo- Saxons, and Goths was
implanted in these regions.
The
Bajuvars, the ancestors of the Bavarians, retained the original
Germanic head form in their new home, with the cranial index mean of
75 to 76 in various series.89
(See Appendix I, col. 44.) Their stature, about 168 cm., was
moderately tall, and their cranial type, in most if not all metrical
and morphological features, was reminiscent of their northern
Martin,
C. P., Prehistoric
Man in Ireland,
pp. 150-151.
Henckel,
K. O., ZFAE, vol. 77, 3/4, 1925.
H6lder,
H., AFA, vol. 2, 1867, p. 51.
Hiis
and Rutimeyer, Crania
Helvetica.
Kollman,
J., AFA, vol. 13, 1881, p. 215.
Lehmann-Nitsche,
R., BAUB, vol. 11, 1895, pp. 109-296.
Ried,
H. A., BAUB, vol. 16-17, 1907, p. 63.
Sailer,
K., ZFKL, vol. 18, 1934.
Schicker,
J., MAGW, vol. 35, 1905, pp. 54-55.
The
most satisfactory group is the unpublished series of Mrs. R. S.
Wallis of 62 male and 41 female Bavarian Reihengraber crania
measured in the Anthropological Institute at Munich.
Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
212
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
ancestors;
but in a few of the smaller groups an approximation to the Keltic
form may be suspected. In every local series, however, the head form
remains constant, and there are very few brachycephals in any of
them. The ancestors of the Hessians, if we may judge by a few
examples, were apparently likewise dolichocephals 90
of the usual North German form.
The
Alemanni may be studied by means of two principal series; a small
one of twenty skeletons from Oberrotweil in Baden,91
and a large one of over two-hundred from Augst,92
in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The series from Baden, while
retaining the usual Germanic cranial index, assumes in other
respects the metrical character of the Keltic peoples whom the
Alemanni succeeded, and who, as a matter of fact, possessed the same
cranial index mean of 75 to 76. One must interpret this evidence
from Baden as an indication that these Germanic invaders were to a
large extent absorbed by previously settled Kelts, at least in the
village which used this cemetery and its immediate neighborhood.
The
Alemanni skulls from Switzerland are, as a group, high mesocephals
with a mean of 78, and include a considerable number of
brachycephalic crania. On the whole, the total series resembles that
of the Keltic predecessors of the Alemanni, but the stature
increased to a mean of 168 cm., and the cranial index of the entire
group was gradually lowered. In the fifth century, 50 per cent of
the Aargau Alemanni were brachycephalic, in the seventh century, 44
per cent, and in the eighth, 24 per cent. Coincidentally, the
mean cranial index was reduced over this three hundred year span
from 80.2 to 77.5. Thus the Germanic element, or perhaps a
Germanic-Keltic blend, increased at the expense of the earlier
population, and this increase was, as we shall see later, destined
to become, in parts of Switzerland, permanent.
The
Thuringians, who are known to us through a series from the Saale
Valley in Germany, and through others from several sites in
Bohemia,93
practiced the unusual custom, for Germans, of deforming the head by
annular constriction. Enough undeformed crania are left, however,
for one to determine their racial type. The Thuringians were purely
dolichocephalic. In none of these groups has a single
round-headed skull been found. The skulls are, in fact, longer
headed than the normal Anglo- Saxon and Hanoverian basic type and
bear certain resemblances to the original Iron Age Danish group,
and, at the same time, to the Hallstatt
Virchow,
R., ZFE, vol. 9, 1877, pp. 495-504.
Fleury-Cuello,
E., ZFMA, vol. 30, 1930, pp. 406-428.
Schwerz,
F., AFA, vol. 43, 1917, pp. 270-300.
Holter,
F., JVST, vol. 12, 1925, pp. 1-114.
Hellich,
B., Praehistoricke
Lebky v Cechach ze Sbirky Musea Kr&lovstvi Ceskeho.
Maty,
J., AnthPr, vol. 13, 1935, pp. 37-53.
Niedcrle,
L., MAGW, vol. 22, 1892, pp. 1-18.