- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
INTRODUCTION
TO THE LIVING
251
as
general biological principles are forgotten and arbitrary
assumptions are allowed to creep into the process of interpretation.
At
this point we must repeat the premise upon which the whole
technique of the present book is based: The
study of race in man is as much a social and historical as a
biological discipline.
Out of his environment man creates his cultural milieu, and his
cultural milieu, as we are becoming increasingly aware,13
alters his physical nature. When we shall have discovered some
of the laws which govern human inheritance and human change, we may
become much more mathematical than is fitting at present. Laws in
biology and in its sub-division sociology, when once understood, are
seen to be as invariable and as valid as laws in physics. But we
cannot, and we should not attempt it, remove the study of human
racial taxonomy from the dimensions of cultural milieu and of
history. We may and must employ a statistical method, but let it be
one tempered with simplicity and discrimination, since mathematics
to us is not an end but a tool.
Stature
and Bodily Form
Before
venturing to draw up a schematic classification of races within the
white family, let us review some of the better known racial criteria
from the standpoint of spatial distribution. The use of maps to show
the distribution of means in a single metrical character is one of
the oldest and commonest illustrative devices employed in the study
of race. It has, in fact, formed the basis for several systems of
racial classification, based upon geographical correlations between
two or more characters. Such classifications ignore individual
linkages in the characters involved, and subordinate the position pf
the individual as a racial entity. They are of necessity based on
few characters, and the races so postulated are correspondingly
ill defined.14 This abuse of cartography should not,
however, hinder the use of maps in a purely demonstrative
sense.
In
this and the two following sections, we present four such maps,
representing the distributions of stature, the cephalic index, head
size, and hair and eye pigmentation.15 These four
characters were chosen from the total body of criteria because they
are the only ones in which it is possible to overcome, to a
satisfactory degree, the obstacles of paucity of data
Distribution of bodily characters
Cf.
the title and sense of Childe’s book, Man
Makes Himself.See
Chapter I, section 3.16
Attention is called to the earlier maps of Deniker, and of Struck,
both of which have been extensively copied.Deniker,
J., JRAI, vol. 34, NS 7, 1904, pp. 181-206.Gunther,
H., Rassenkunde
des deutschen Volkes,
pp. 216-217. (Early reproduction of
Struck’s
maps.)
MAP
253
254
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
and
technical inconsistency. Not one of the four is completely accurate,
but all are accurate enough for present purposes.
In
the first of these, the stature map (Map 5), as in those which
follow, boundaries between provinces, linguistic areas, and
other ethnic or political units have been simplified, and
schematized to such an extent that the smallest spatial unit
recognized is one capable of legible stippling. Nomadic
territories in North Africa, southwestern Asia, and the far north,
have received an even more schematic treatment.
The
first impression which one receives while examining this map is that
there seems no orderly scheme; that, except for the stunted circum-
polar belt, there seem to be no widespread zones of stature. A
relatively large and consistent area of tall stature, however, is
comprised by the Scandinavian Peninsula, most of the land area of
the British Isles, the Netherlands, Finland, the Baltic states, and
parts of northern Germany. This northwestern European center of
tallness is commonly referred to in anthropological literature as
the primary Nordic racial zone.16 It is difficult,
however, to agree that the tall stature of these countries is
largely the result of the presence of Nordics, since its existence
seems to be due to multiple factors. Historically, this is precisely
the region of maximum survival of tall Palaeolithic hunters, while
Corded people were concentrated in certain sections of it,
especially in Denmark and Esthonia. Furthermore other contributing
racial elements, such as the Bell Beaker people and the Megalithic
navigators, were all tall, and these lands under consideration are
at the same time precisely the regions of Europe least influenced
by Danubian or Western Mediterranean agricultural invaders.
Essentially, therefore, these are regions in which all contributing
racial elements in the past have been tall, and in which there is no
short-statured ethnic sub-stratum. Furthermore, northwestern Europe
has been the scene of maximum stature increase during the last
century.
A
second European area of tall stature is the Dinaric mountain zone,
the nucleus of which stretches along a narrow belt from Croatia to
the Drin River in Albania, and which reaches its peak in Montenegro.
Here one finds statures as tall as those in the north, and, in the
heart of the area, taller. The origin of this Dinaric giantism is
obscure, since the prehistoric archaeology of this region is almost
unknown, and the crania documents from later times inadequate. We
know that the Bell Beaker people settled here in some numbers,
but hesitate to attribute to them alone the excessive height of
modern Dinarics.
A
third area is found in southwestern Russia, on the northern shore of
the Black Sea, in the Ukraine; here Atlanto-Mediterranean factors
seem
16
De Geer, S., “The Kernel Area of the Nordic Race within Northern
Europe,” in Lundborg, H., and Linders, F., Racial
Character of the Swedish Nation.
INTRODUCTION
TO THE LIVING
255
largely
responsible. On Asiatic territory the countries occupied by the
non-mongoloid Turkomans and by the Iranian-speaking Kurds are seats
of tall stature, as is the kingdom of Iraq, whose inhabitants have
been tall since the days of the Sumerians.
One
other principal area of tall stature, which is merely suggested
within the limitations of the present map, is the Hamitic center
located in East Africa. One recalls the giantism of the pluvial
inhabitants of Kenya, which has apparently been perpetuated in the
great height of living Hamites who inhabit the Horn of Africa
and the western shore of the Red Sea. The most thoroughly Hamitic of
the North African Berbers, the Tuareg, are as tall as northwestern
Europeans. The tall stature zone of northern Africa is centered in
regions of the Sahara occupied by nomadic Berbers, and extends
itself into the fertile stretch of Africa Minor where these people
have settled after invasions.
Turning
to the consideration of short stature, we find that, aside from the
far north and the territories occupied by recent Mongol invaders, it
is concentrated today in the very regions most affected by early
Neolithic migrations of short, food-producing Mediterraneans—namely,
the western Mediterranean countries, from central France to Sicily,
and the Danubian culture area, especially in its eastern and
trans-Carpathian segment.
In
general, one cannot over-simplify a distribution map dealing with a
character as complex as stature, since south of the Arctic circle
there are no large zones or major trends, and in most of the
sub-areas a complicated sequence of historical events has taken
place which has brought in a succession of peoples with
different statures. Furthermore, different environmental
stimuli operating in various places and at varying times have
further served to complicate the picture.
The
distributions of weight and bodily form, if these criteria could
also be completely plotted, would make maps as interesting as that
of stature. What information we possess suggests that they would be
much simpler and more easily interpreted. In weight, for example,
there would be one large zone in which the adult males in middle
life would average over 150 pounds, with individuals in the two
hundred class common, and this zone would correspond to the
northwestern area of tall stature, and to adjacent parts of Germany,
Holland, and Belgium. The center of the Dinaric zone would likewise
be one of heavy weights, but the rest of Europe would run, for the
most part, at least twenty pounds lighter.
In
the long stretch of arid countries reaching across North Africa and
Egypt into Arabia, Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan, light weights would
be the rule, regardless of stature, and this would likewise be a
zone of predominantly linear, or long and narrow, bodily
habitus. Stocky build, on the other hand, would also be found to
have little relationship to stature,