- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
394
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
40
per cent of British; in Goring’s criminal series it is linked with
dark hair color. Among the British browridges of all normal European
degrees are found, and on the whole the development is medium, with
a large minority of prominent forms.
The
slope of the forehead is frequently pronounced, as is typical of the
Keltic Iron Age crania, and as may be seen from the composite
silhouettes of English men and women shown in Fig. 32. The nasion
depression is
After
McLearn, Morant, and Pearson, Biometrika, vol. 20b, 1928-1929,
Plates 2 and 3.
characteristically
slight, and the root of the nose high and narrow. The bridge is as a
rule also high, and of narrow to moderate breadth. Straight nasal
profiles are found in from 50 per cent to 80 per cent of cases, and
the second most numerous category is wavy or concavo-convex, which
runs as high as 40 per cent and averages 25 per cent of the whole.
This type of profile is produced by a prominence of the nasal bones,
the formation of a slight angle between their extremities and
the cartilage, and an elevation of the tip lobes slightly above the
cartilage level. From the Nordic standpoint, this type of nose is
closer to the Tr^ndelagen type in Norway than to the classic Nordic
of the eastern valleys; it is also associated in antique
sculpture with representations of the Kelts. The Dying Gaul, for
example, has a nose of this type. Concave noses are much rarer than
in Ireland, and of the large convex minority, the angular or humped
variety is the usual type, and the smoothly convex form is
infrequent.
Lips
seem to be thin to medium and little everted, chins strongly
developed, but not to the degree found in western Ireland.
Temples, malars, and gonial angles are as a rule compressed. All in
all the scanty picture which our material gives us substantiates the
impressions drawn fromFig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
THE
BRITISH ISLES
395
life.
Although the British are quite variable in facial form, the features
by which a foreigner would remember them would be a longness and
narrowness of head and face, floridity, and a pinched prominence of
the nose.
It
is possible to make a number of correlations within some of the
numerous series upon which our knowledge of British physical
anthropology is based.32
Brunet hair and eye color uniformly go with a lower cephalic index
than does light pigmentation. This reflects the fact that the
Neolithic peoples had a cranial index of 72 and lower, while
both varieties of Nordic have cranial means of 75. There is no
evidence of a brunet round- headed type except in one series from
the Ghiltern Hills, in Oxfordshire, where dark complexion is
positively associated with great head breadth. In Caithness and
Sutherland, in the Scottish Highlands, pure light complexion is
linked with great head breadth, indicating that the broadheaded
factor is in this case probably Borreby in origin. In western
Ireland four correlations indicate the same linkage, confirming the
supposition that a broad head is borne by the Palaeolithic element.
In
Cardiganshire in west central Wales, a selected group of 520 men
with black or dark brown hair had a mean cephalic index of 74.6, and
a stature of 167 cm. The index would be about 72 on the skull, which
is the mean for the Long Barrow type of the Neolithic, and
furthermore, the stature is comparable. Similarly in a Scottish
Highland series 33
dark haired men have a mean cephalic index of 77.7, fair-haired ones
of 78.1. The brunets have a mean head length of 196.7 mm., the
blonds of 193.9 mm. In Elgin and Nairn, similarly, absolutely
greater head lengths go with mixed and dark complexion.
These
correlations on the whole show that a brunet racial type
characterized by an extremely long cranial vault and moderately
tall stature has retained its identity in the peripheries of Great
Britain, notably in Wales and the Scotch Highlands, while the more
numerous Nordic elements are characterized by a more moderate
head length and mesoceph- aly. They also show that brachycephalic
strains which have entered into the British racial composition must
have been largely blond, although there is evidence of a minor
element of brunet brachycephaly in one local instance.
If
specific data for racial description is scanty in Great Britain,
both the author and the reader can largely supply that deficiency
from common observation. The most frequent type is a Nordic variety,
as described
Scheidt,
in a lengthy and thorough survey of the published series, made 2
racially significant correlations in England, 2 in Wales, 6 in
Scotland, and 4 in Ireland.Scheidt,
W., ZFMA, vol. 28, 1930, pp. 1-1 ?8.
Gray,
J.,
and
Tocher, J. F., The
Ethnology of Buchan.
396
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
above;
but it is well known that other types are by no means rare. The
thick-set, wide-faced, and large-nosed type, so common in caricature
under the guise of John Bull, must be derived from the larger
brachycephalic element brought in by the Bronze Age invasions;
it is a British form of the continental Borreby race. In the fishing
villages of the Yorkshire coast, where local dialects are
spoken in which much Scandinavian still remains, and where the older
fishermen still wear T-shaped amulets around their necks reminiscent
of Thor’s hammer, pure Norwegian and Danish physical types are
common, and the same is true in the Orkneys and Shetlands.
Cornwall,
which is the darkest county in England and an ancient Keltic
linguistic stronghold, contains, like Wales, strong vestiges of a
pre-Keltic population. That this is not a short Mediterranean
variety, on the whole, is shown by the fact that the stature of
Cornwall is relatively tall, and the mean cephalic index of the
duchy not particularly low. A large-bodied, muscular type, with a
head which is frequently brachycephalic, is common here, and must be
attributed to the Bronze Age invasions. It has been claimed, without
statistical evidence,34
that there is a special racial type among the fishermen and sailors
who live in the seaports of Cornwall, Devonshire, Somerset, and
South Wales, but especially in Cornwall. Besides having medium
or tall stature, and a tendency to brachycephaly, they are said to
be heavy-bodied, lateral in build, thick-necked, with features of a
somewhat Armenoid cast, dark, curly hair, thick eyebrows, and eyes
which are frequently brown.
This
type is recognized in local Keltic tradition, and according to one
legend, is said to have been brought from Troy. It may also be
associated with the strong local belief that the Cornish are
descended from Phoenicians. That there is such a type cannot be
proved without metrical evidence, but it will be recognized by
most persons familiar with this part of England. It can also be
found in Massachusetts among old Cape Cod families whose
ancestors came from Cornwall and Devon.
The
most difficult local British type to study, with present materials,
is the long-headed brunet population of the remoter districts of
Wales.36
It is evident, however, that under the category of brunet
dolichocephals there are actually several racial types of different
origins which have been preserved by the marginal geographical
nature of this country, as have the more easily identified Beaker
types of more recent arrival.
In
the first place, the work of Fleure and James on the Plynlimon
moors'
Andrews, T. H., Man, vol. 21, 1921, pp.
137-139.
•
Fleure,
H. J., The
Races of Britain and Wales.
Eickstedt,
E. von, ZFRK, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 19-64.Fleure,
H. J., and James, T. C., JRAI, vol. 46, NS. 19, 1916, pp. 35-153.Peate,
L C., JRAI, vol. 40, 1925, pp. 58-72.
THE
BRITISH ISLES
397
lands
people of Cardiganshire, an isolated group who live for the most
part as shepherds, shows that this region is the center for all
Wales of the greatest concentration of brunet dolichocephaly; their
work also indicates that a primitive human type, with large
browridges, a low vault, a projecting occiput, sloping forehead, a
broad face, and prognathism survives here, and is to be found in
solution throughout most of Wales. That this type is a survival from
pre-Neolithic times seems reasonable. The head lengths associated
with it run well over 200 mm., in many cases over 210 mm., and the
stature is usually under 170 cm. The moderate stature, the narrow
vault breadth, and the brunet pigmentation, as well as the general
morphological character, prevent this type from being closely
associated with the large-headed northern Palaeolithic sub-stratum
in Ireland; one is reminded rather of the early Combe Capelle
skull, and to a lesser extent, of the Mesolithic men of Teviec in
Brittany.
The
majority of the brunet dolichocephals, however, belong rather to the
Long Barrow race of Megalithic introduction from the eastern
Mediterranean shorelands. A selected group of 46 men from all
parts of Wales, but in many cases from the neighborhood of the
Plynlimon district, with cephalic indices under 73.0, have a mean
head length of 201 mm., a breadth of 144.2 mm., and a stature of
168.0 cm. If this dolichocephalic element were predominantly a small
Mediterranean, one would expect both the head length and stature to
be much less than they are. Many other series from other parts of
Wales confirm the general head form character of this
predominant dolichocephalic brunet element. That it has absorbed the
earlier Mesolithic or Palaeolithic type is likely, for there is
nothing in the English Long Barrow crania to indicate the
importation of such a primitive variety as an end type.
If
we consider that the Long Barrow type was in original form almost
purely brown eyed, then it must be less important in the racial
structure of Wales than the Keltic Iron Age Nordic, for in but few
districts are brown eyes in the majority. It is possible, however,
here as in Ireland, that there was an incipient blue-eyed condition
among the Long Barrow people, as among living North Africans who
belong to a closely similar type, and that in northwestern Europe
this condition was increased through stimuli similar to those which
produced blondism among other races.38
Among
individual Welshmen it is possible to pick out individuals of a
smaller Mediterranean type, similar to that of Spain and Portugal,
and suggesting a survival from the Neolithic peoples of Windmill
Hill cultural affiliation who entered southern Britain from the
continent. This type is also easily isolated in the Midland factory
districts, and among the Glasgow population. In Wales, however, it
is difficult to separate it from the Long
38
Eickstedt, E. von, ZFRK, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 19-64.