- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
504
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
of
the French Basques nor their relatively high incidence of blondism
can be wholly explained as local acquisitions. The Basques* as a
whole, represent an ancient and subsequently specialized mixture of
Mediterraneans and Atlanto-Mediterraileans with partially blond
Dinarics, and it is just as possible that different Basque
sub-groups differed originally in amount of Dinaric blood as that
the modern Spanish Basques have been altered through Spanish
mixture.
Both
the Atlanto-Mediterranean and Dinaric elements mentioned were
present as early as the Copper Age in North Central Spain, where
they were partially identified with the early Bell Beaker culture.
The Keltic Iron Age racial type of Britain, which the living Spanish
Basques so closely resemble, was produced originally in southern
Germany from a combination of Nordics with Bell Beaker or other
Dinarics, and imported into England where Mediterranean and
Atlanto-Mediterranean elements, as well as some Bronze Age Dinaric
factors, were already present. The mixture of similar ingredients in
different places produces similar results. Seen in the light of
modern physical anthropology, the Basques are still interesting, and
perhaps romantic, but no longer mysterious.
Within
the greater confines of the Mediterranean race must be placed one
people of non-European origin, the Gypsies. The Romanies, the
Tziganes, the children of Little Egypt, are believed, on
authoritative grounds, to be the descendants of one or more pariah
tribes of northwestern India who for some unknown reason began to
wander westward before or about the turn of the present millennium,
at about the same time that Lief Erikson was discovering America.136
They
are believed to have travelled across Iran into Armenia, and thence
into the Asiatic territory of the Byzantine Empire, where they ar*
rived at some time between 1100 and 1200 a.d.;
their
first appearance in Europe cannot be traced back earlier than 1300
a.d.
A
second wave passed again through Persia and the Armenian highlands,
but turned southwestward into Syria, Egypt, and North Africa. The
language of
See
Gaster, M., article “Gipsies,” Encyclopaedia
Britannic a,
thirteenth edition.
Lebzelter,
V., MAGW, vol. 52, 1922, pp. 23-42, contains an historical summary
as well
as anthropometric data*
Other
anthropometric sources include:
Gluck,
L., WMBH, vol. 5, 1897, pp. 403-433.
Karpetes,
B., MAGW, vol. 21, 1891, pp. 31-33.
Kopernicki,
I., AFA, vol. 5, 1872, p. 267.
Marie,
A., and MacAuliffe, L., CRAS, vol. 172, 1921, pp. 49-50.
Pittard*
E., Anth, vol. 13, 1902, pp. 321-328; vol. 15, 1902, pp. 177-187;
BSAL, vol. 22, 1904, pp. 207-217; Les
Ptuples Aes Balkans.
The gypsies
THE
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
505
the
European Gypsies is basically Indian, a derivative of Sanskrit or
Prakrit, but it contains also words picked up in transit through
Persia and Armenia, Words of other languages, Greek, Rumanian,
Magyar, give evidence of passage through European countries. In each
country the Gypsy speech has adapted itself to the language of the
non-Gypsy inhabitants; in the far periphery, in England and in
Spain, it has become no more than a half-language with as many
local as Romany words, as any reader of George Borrow will
recognize.137
In
the Balkans and Hungary some of the Gypsies were made landed serfs
under the jurisdiction of nobles and churchmen, others were given
special charter to wander; these latter practiced the trades of
tinkers, wood carvers, gold panners, and minstrels, while their
women exercised from their first appearance their calling of
sorceresses and fortune-tellers. Although nomadic from the
beginning, the Gypsies were not especially concerned with horse
breeding and horse trading in eastern Europe; it was only in the
west, where regulations and restrictions kept them on the move, that
this specialty was developed.
After
about a century in eastern Europe, some of them began to wander
westward, and arrived in Germany in 1417, France in 1427, and
England in about 1500 a.d.
Some
passed on through the Basque Provinces into Spain, others spread
northward as far as Sweden and Finland. All said that they came from
“Little Egypt,” and must go to Rome to expiate some sin of their
ancestors. At this time they already travelled in wagons, whereas
those in the east had arrived as dwellers in black tents. It is
possible that the spread of the Turks in southeastern Europe had
impelled this movement westward, but if so, the Gypsies rode into
greater trials and persecutions than those they were fleeing. From
about 1600 a.d.
onward,
their treatment in western Europe was often barbarous.
Counting
Gypsies is the most arduous known form of census taking, and no
estimates as to their numbers can be accurate. There are perhaps
nearly a million of them in the world, allowing at least 100,000 on
either side for a probable error. Of these, over half a million are
said to live in Rumania and Hungary. Spain has about 40,000, Italy
over 30,000, and Russia nearly 60,000. Probably at least 150,000
live in Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Yugoslavia, while France has
but 2000, Germany the same number, and the British Isles about
12,000. The total outside Europe, including Asia, Africa, America,
and Australia, would perhaps amount to about 200,000.
The
eastern European Gypsies have for the most part settled down,
137 The
reader, if he does not already know them, is invited to join the
great company of Borrovians by acquainting himself with The
Romano Lavo-Lil,
Lavengro,
The
Romany Ryep
and The
Btbfe in Spain*
506
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
and
many have lost their language. In Hungary less than 10,000 are still
nomadic. In studying the racial characters of the European Gypsies,
it will be necessary to distinguish between the nomads, who have in
some countries preserved their original racial type with some degree
of purity, and the settled Gypsies who have mixed extensively with
the non-Gypsy population.
The
most noticeable physical trait of the Gypsies, remarked everywhere
from their first appearance to the present, is their dark
pigmentation. In skin color this is often so dark as to exclude
them, in popular estimation, from membership in the white race.
Out of 52 Hungarian Gypsies Weisbach found 38, or 73 per cent, to
have brown or brownish skin color; the others, light brown to
yellowish. Gluck, in a group of 66 from Bosnia, found 30, or 45 per
cent, dark brown; 6, or 9 per cent, brown; 27, or 41 per cent, light
brown; and only three light in a European sense. Lebzelter, with
observations on the skin colors of 36 from Serbia, finds 6 brown, 29
yellowish, or yellowish-white, and one olive or brunet- white.
Nomadic Gypsies noticed by the author in Albania seemed to be all or
nearly all brown, nearer dark brown than light; the sedentary
Gypsies of Tirana are also, as a rule, brown-skinned, although
lightskinned individuals occur among them.
There
can be little doubt that when the Gypsies arrived in Europe they
were all or nearly all brown-eyed; today some 90 per cent of
Hungarian and Serbian Gypsies still have unmixed brunet irises,
with the majority dark brown to black. The head hair and the beard,
as well, are almost always black among pure Gypsies, fine in
texture, very thick on the head, and uniformly straight. Wavy hair
seems to occur only among Gypsy-European hybrids. In all groups
studied in Hungary and southeastern Europe, there are a few
individuals with medium brown, light brown, or even blond hair, but
these may with little doubt be considered mixtures.
The
purest nomadic Gypsy groups are all short-statured, with means of
161 cm. to 164 cm.; the Hungarian Gypsies are taller, with a mean of
166.5 cm.; the “black” Bosnian Gypsies, living in a country of
tall people, have a mean of 168 cm., while the “white” or
palpably mixed Bosnian Gypsies, with a mean of 173 cm., are nearly
as tall as the Bosnians themselves. In France they attain a
stature of 166 cm., as high as that for Frenchmen, or higher; in
England they are presumably nearly as tall as the English, as are
the Stanleys and Coopers who live in America.
The
purer groups of Gypsies have head length means of 188 to 190 mm.,
and breadths of 145 mm. or slightly over; their cephalic index means
range from 76 among Black Bosnian Gypsies to 79 among those of
Hungary. In France it is also 79, extraordinarily low for people
living
THE
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
507
in
so brachycephalic a country. The heads of the Gypsies are usually
low-vaulted, with a mean auricular height of about 120 mm.; their
faces are small, with a total face height mean of 120 mm., a
bizygomatic of 135 mm., and minimum frontal and bigonial means of
106 mm. Their facial index, 88, lies on the border of mesoprosopy
and lepto- prosopy, and their nasal index, 63, is leptorrhine. Their
nasal dimensions, 52 mm. by 33 mm., are absolutely small. The
nasal profile is, as a rule, straight.
In
all facial features, as well as in their metrical position, the
unmixed Gypsies are standard members of a small Mediterranean racial
type; they could not have acquired this constant racial character
anywhere between the Indus Valley and Hungary, since all
Mediterranean forms encountered on the way are different. The
nomadic Gypsies of Hungary, Rumania, and the Balkans, are still
largely of this type; the sedentary Gypsies are gradually merging
into the populations that surround them.
In
western Europe the Gypsy is a hybrid, growing less Indian as one
moves westward. The English Gypsies, in fact, to whose numbers have
been added vagrant Englishmen, are in many cases hardly to be
distinguished from the latter. The English Gypsies of America,
who have given up horses for automobiles and who now sell the
baskets made by Passama- quoddy Indians, look in some instances
little different from brunet Yankees, although their English blood
was accreted in England rather than in America. We have also in our
country, however, many families of Balkan Gypsies, who retain their
complete gypsy racial character, and who still wear their colorful
clothing and jewelry, although they sleep in trailers rather than in
caravans.
(19)
CONCLUSIONS
The
main conclusions to be drawn from the foregoing study of the
Mediterranean World, in its stretch, a quarter of the way around the
globe, from India to the Atlantic, may, be expressed simply and
briefly. In this zone the Mediterranean race is the one predominant
human genetic factor. It abuts on the Veddoid group to the
southeast, the negroid to the southwest, and the world of the
descendants of hybrid Upper Palaeolithic hunters on the north and on
the west.
The
Mediterranean race, excepting those partially depigmented branches
which escaped early to the north of the Mediterranean homelands
and whose descendants we have already studied, is
characteristically brunet, but in varying degrees, and when
unmixed with Veddoids or negroids carries a minor mutative tendency
to blondism.
The
early divisions of the Mediterranean race noted in the skeletal
material from as far back as the fourth millennium B.C. are still
valid.
508
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
These
divisions may be separated on several bases; notably, stature,
degree of dolichocephaly, and facial cast, which is most easily
expressed in terms of the nasal profile.
The
Mediterraneans living in Asia are characterized, in varying degrees,
by a prominence of the upper facial segment and by a convexity of
nasal profile; those in Africa and Europe by a straighter facial
plane, and a straight nasal profile. The Asiatic Mediterraneans tend
to concurrence of eyebrows and heaviness of beard; those in Africa
and Europe to a separation of the eyebrows over glabella, and a
moderate beard and body hair development.
Historically,
short Mediterraneans seem to have preceded tall ones in their
wanderings out of typically Mediterranean territory. In view of the
known antiquity of the tall varieties, this must be interpreted in
terms of geographical position rather than of developmental
sequence.
From
the metrical standpoint the Mediterranean race is remarkably
homogeneous. Different branches of the Mediterranean race, widely
separated in time and space, may be identical or nearly identical in
all measurable characters, but may differ profoundly in such
superficial (in the literal sense) racial criteria as skin color,
hair color, eye color, and hair form. Pigmentation, within the wider
Mediterranean groups, is of little value in the estimation of
long-range racial associations. The pigment map of Europe is truly a
map of glaciation, and the racial types found within the inner zone
of blondism have little in common other than a paucity of melanin.
The Corded element in the Nordic, as it is isolated, is blue-eyed
and brown-haired; its Asiatic counterpart is browneyed and
black-haired. The Nordic proper and the smaller Mediterranean
element in it which we call Danubian is ash-blond haired and gray-
or mixed-eyed; its Mediterranean counterparts elsewhere are
brown-haired and brown-eyed. Similarly the Atlanto-Mediterranean
strain among the Irish and Scots is blue-eyed, although the hair
color remains in many instances dark; here iris and skin
depigmentation may have progressed in advance of the non-functional
hair pigment. What it is that has made these races partially or
fully blond, no one at present knows. But we do know that some of
the changes must have taken place within the last five thousand
years, since the separation of some of the blond branches of the
Mediterranean race from their brunet counterparts cannot go back
much farther.
The
accretion of a small amount of negroid blood by the Mediterranean
stock causes a frizziness of hair form; a darkening of skin color,
which becomes extremely variable; a broadening of the nasal breadth;
an increase in interorbital and biorbital dimensions; and often
an increase in
THE
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
509
facial
and nasal lengths, as well as a tendency to nasal profile convexity.
Vault dimensions and body dimensions change little.
The
accretion of Veddoid blood causes a reduction in the head size, a
tendency toward brachycephaly, an increase in browridges and in
bizygomatic breadth, a narrowing of the lower face, expecially of
the mandible, a narrowing of the nasal and orbital region, and a
prominence of the nose. Especially noticeable is the acquisition of
thick ringlet curls as an almost exclusive hair form.
The
accretion of northern Palaeolithic blood of the Afalou variety
causes an increase in bodily bulk, in heaviness of bone, in relative
trunk size, and in head size. It causes a broadening of the head and
face, and especially an increase in the size and prominence of the
mandible. It causes the acquisition of a tendency toward blue-eyed,
brown- or rufoushaired blondism, with freckling, A comparable
action has already been observed upon the Nordic branch of the
Mediterranean race in northern Europe and in Ireland.
What
happens to the Mediterranean race when it is fused with central
European and central Asiatic Alpine strains, and with mongoloid
strains on the plains of central Asia, will be studied in the
following chapter.