- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
216
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
physical
guise, which they spread to Belgium, France, and Switzerland,
countries already familiar with the Kelts in person. Other
exceptions were the coastal Norwegians, to whom for the first time
civilization was now brought in significant quantity. In the shelter
of their chilly fjords the new Nordics blended with the hunters and
fishermen left over from the age of ice, who, through this new
genetic vehicle, were assured permanent survival.
The
Slavs, together with their close neighbors and linguistic relatives
the Balts, stepped relatively late into the theater of European
history. Speaking an archaic form of the Satem branch of
Indo-European, they almost miraculously succeeded in maintaining
their linguistic integrity through the period of obscurity which
preceded their time of dispersion, despite the widespread activities
of the Kelts, the Scythians, and the Germans. Slavic is close in
many respects to the original form of Indo- Iranian, a fact which
cannot fail to have cultural and geographical significance.
It
is not yet possible to associate the early, united Slavs with any
specific archaeological horizon more remote in time than the
comparatively recent Burgwall moated villages of the early centuries
of the present era. Although all Slavic scholars are not in
agreement as to the location of their original home, the opinion of
Niederle, the dean of Slavic prehistorians, bears the greatest
weight.100
He would place it in the densely forested basin of the Pripiet
River, in northwestern Ukraine and southeastern Poland. This region
is bounded on the west by the Vistula, on the south by the upper
course of the Dniester, and on the east by the great forests of the
former Tchernigov and Poltava Governments. In other words, the
Slavic ancestors escaped loss of ethnic identity at the hands of the
Scythians and the Goths through their occupancy of a relatively
wooded and swampy country.
Their
neighbors to the west were Germans and Kelts, who lived on the other
side of the Vistula; the Balts occupied the side facing the sea
after which they have been collectively named, while the undivided
Finns dwelt along the forested stream banks near the sources of the
Volga, Oka, and Don. The early Iranians, near linguistic relatives
of the Slavs, had occupied the plains to the south and east, while
the Thracians bordered the Slavs on the far side of tjie Carpathian
mountain chain.
Like
the earliest Iranians and unlike the Scythians, the Slavs were sim-
100 Niederle,
L., ACIA, 2me Session, Prague, 1924, pp. 241-247. For source
material see his exhaustive series of volumes on the history of the
Slavs, Slovanske
Starozitnosti.
For
a recent review of Slavic problems, Sonnabend, H., VEspansione
degli Slavi.
The slavs
THE
IRON AGE
217
pie
farmers and herdsmen. Living in swamps and forests, they had adapted
themselves to difficult climatic conditions. For some reason still
imperfectly understood by the students of population dynamics,
they grew increasingly numerous in the period between the
second and fifth centuries a.d.,
and
began spilling outward in all possible directions.
The
westward Slavic expansion over much of what is now Germany was
temporary, for the Germanic peoples themselves soon went through a
period of eastward expansion during which they Germanized many of
the new Slavic groups, either by force or by peaceful assimilation.
A few islands of Slavic speech and culture survived this movement,
notably that of the Wends in the Saxon Spreewald. The movement of
the South Slavs took them to the Dinaric mountain chain behind Lower
Austria, which certain bands crossed to the peninsula of Istria at
the head of the Adriatic, and into northern Italy itself. The main
body moved southeastward along the Adriatic coast, following the
Dinaric mountain chain to Montenegro, and to the Gore region of
northeastern Albania. A southern Slavic nucleus was formed in
the kingdom of Old Serbia, centered around Prizren and Skoplje. From
this nucleus they expanded into the plain of Kossovo which, however,
they were soon to lose in great part to Turks and Albanians.
The Serbs, the most important single people involved in this
southern expansion, still speak a language closely allied to that of
the Wends in Germany.
The
movements of the Slavs to the eastward constituted an intensive
reoccupation of the rich, black earth belt by peasants, for, since
Late Neolithic times, this fertile strip of treeless lowland
had been the favorite pasture and campaigning ground of tribes
and nations of warlike nomads, inimical to the full utilization
of the ground for tillage. From this black earth region the eastern
Slavs followed the watercourses of central Russia northward
into the forest country then inhabited by Finns. This upstream
moverpent dislodged some of the Finnish tribe^, and brought about
their historic migration to the Baltic. Many of the Finns, however,
stayed behind and became Slavicized, mixing with their conquerors.
Still others remained aloof in small ethnic islands, which even
today retain their Finnic speech.
The
eastward expansion of the Slavs did not stop with the Urals, but
gradually continued, after interruptions by Turks and Mongols, into
Siberia, until finally, in the seventeenth century, its outposts
reached the Pacific. The Slavs are still growing more numerous and
still moving eastward. Their period of efflorescence, the
latest of the Indo-European expansions, has not yet come to an
end.
Since
the Slavs continued the practice of cremation well into the early
centuries of the present millennium, skeletons from the period of
unity are
218
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
non-existent,
and those from the early centuries of expansion are not abundant.
However, in this instance, literary evidence antedates the osteolog-
ical, for numerous descriptions of the early Slavs, assiduously
collected by Niederle, occur in the writings of Byzantines, Arabs,
and Persians.101
With only one exception, these make the Slavs tall, spare, and blond
or ruddy. They were often confused with Germans, and this fact
strengthens the likelihood that they were predominantly of light
pigmentation. Only one voice was raised to the contrary, that of a
Jew named Ibrahim ben Yakub, who, having crossed Bohemia in 965
a.d.,
remarked
that the Bohemians were surprisingly dark haired. Niederle
interprets this solitary dissention as evidence that Ibrahim,
accustomed to or expecting blond Slavs, was struck by a local
enclave which differed from the Slavs as a whole. In view of the
preponderance of contemporary opinion to the contrary, ben
Yakub’s dissention must not be given too much weight.102
If
the evidence of literary sources makes the early Slavs Nordic in
stature and pigmentation, that of osteology makes them the same in
the metrical and morphological sense. In brief, all of the earliest
Slavic skeletal material, dating mostly from the eighth to the
eleventh centuries, falls, by groups if not as individuals, into one
or more of the Nordic categories already found to be
characteristic of Iron Age Indo-European- speaking peoples.
That
from Poland, the eastern half of which was included in the home of
the Slavic peoples before their period of dispersion, is not very
abundant. Altogether less than 40 male crania may be assembled, and
few of these have complete measurements.103
(See Appendix I, col. 46.) These skulls are all predominantly
dolichocephalic; the mean cranial index is 73, and not a single
round-headed example is included. Among these Polish skulls are some
notably long and large specimens with long, narrow faces. The noses
of the group, as a whole, are fully leptorrhine. On the whole, the
ancestral Slavs of Poland fwere
Nordics, within the range of the, Indo- European group; these skulls
lean to the longer- and larger-headed Corded extreme, and resemble
in many respects, the Hannover series, and by extension, the
Anglo-Saxons.
Numerous
remains of the Slavic expansion into Germany show clearly the
physical types of the particular invaders concerned in this quarter.
The most important series is that studied by Asmus, who collected
the
101 Niederle,
L., AnthPr, vol. 7, 1929, pp. 62-64; also Slevanske
Starozitnosti,
vol. 1, 1925, pp. 98 ff.
m
The passage in question has been translated and retranslated through
a number of languages. I have been unable to find the Arabic
original.
103 Kopernicki,
I., ZWAK, part i, 1883.
Majewski,
£., Swiatowit, vol. 9, 1911, pp. 88-94.
Rutkowski,
L., Swiatowit, vol. 7, 1907, pp. 3-21, 22-38.
THE
IRON AGE
219
skulls
of the ancient Wends of Mecklenburg.104
(See Appendix I, col, 47.) These form a reasonably homogeneous group
of high dolichocephals and low mesocephals, with a moderate vault
height, a low sloping forehead, long narrow faces, leptorrhine or
mesorrhine noses, high orbits, and a strongly built jaw. These Old
Wends, rounder headed than the Poles, fall very close metrically to
the Kelts and to the Scythians. In intermediate parts of Germany,
particularly in western Prussia and Pomerania, the Old Slavic skulls
are higher vaulted, and closer in this respect to the Polish
sub-type.105
Those
in Bohemia are for the most part the same as the Wend crania in
Germany, except for one series of Matiegka (see Appendix I, col.
48); in this, the vaults are extremely high, nearly reaching early
Corded dimensions. This is true to a minor extent of a small
group from Slovakia and of individual skulls.106
Thus, in Bohemia, the Slavs included three sub-types, with
Hallstatt, Polish, and Keltic analogies.
The
Slavs who invaded Styria between the seventh to ninth centuries are
basically the same as those in Germany, and fall very close to an
older Keltic mean.107
They formed, without question, a mixed group and included in
their number a minority of round-headed forms. Some of the Slavic
crania from Styria, recalling the Polish prototype, are extremely
large and powerful. We have, unfortunately, no data with which to
trace the further progress of the southern Slavs into the Dinaric
mountain stronghold, and thence into Old Serbia and the Kossovo
plain. We may, however, study a third Slavic movement, that which
penetrated Russia.108
The
skulls of these invaders belong to a generalized Nordic form, with a
cranial index of 75 to 76, and an intermediate vault height. The
Ukrainian skulls from the eighth to the ninth centuries a.d.
do
not greatly diverge from this general standard, but the early Slavic
crania from the Moscow region in Russia, dated from the eleventh to
twelfth centuries a.d.,
are,
in fact, almost purely dolichocephalic, with a mean cranial index of
73.5.
**
Asmus, R., AFA, vol. 27, 1902, pp. 1-36.
1(16
Muller, W., JVST, vol. 5, 1906, pp. 60-77.
Reuss,
K., JVST, vol. 6, 1907, pp. 93-112.
Schumann,
H., ZFE, vol. 23, 1891, pp. 589-592, 704-708; vol. 26, 1894, pp.
330- 336; vol. 30, 1898, pp. 93-100.
Virchow,
R, ZFE, vol. 23, 1891, pp. 349-350; vol. 24, 1892, pp. 550-555.
106
Cervinka, J. L., and Matiegka, J., AnthPr, vol. 3, 1925, pp. 97-108.
Jelinek,
B., MAGW, vol. 20, 1890, pp. 136-147.
Matiegka,
J., AFA, vol. 25, 1896, pp. 150-154.
Szombathy,
J., MAGW, vol. 52, 1922, p. 20.
Wankel,
H., MAGW, vol. 12, 1882, pp. 123-128.
1OTToldt,
C., MAGW, vol. 42, 1912, pp. 247-280.
108Debetz,
G., AntrM, vol. 4, 1930, pp. 93-105.
Derviz,
D., RAJ, vol. 12, 1923, pp. 24-38.
Stefko,
W. H., and Schugaiew, W. S., AFA*, vol. 50, 1932, pp. 44-55.