- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
PLEISTOCENE
WHITE MEN
25
human
feature, the canine fossa, is lacking. In the case of most known
Neanderthals, the molar teeth have fused roots and enlarged pulp
cavities, while the dental borders are even, and the canines not
interlocking.18
The
dating of the various fossils mentioned above is in most cases under
dispute, but there is no valid evidence that any of them are earlier
than the Middle Pleistocene. Only Homo
neanderthalensis
in some of his more highly evolved forms is known, however, to have
extended into the Late Pleistocene. Aside from all biological
considerations, the time element is sufficient to destroy the
hypothesis that members of this heavy brow- ridged group could have
evolved directly into the earliest known form of Homo
sapiens.
It is possible that these species represent a survival of an
ancestral stage through which Homo
sapiens
had in earlier times passed, and that they were, during the
Pleistocene, themselves passing through a tardy process of evolving,
but this explanation is not the only one that may be presented. The
sexual differentiation and luxuriance of gorilloid characters which
these species possess may conceivably never have been found in the
direct ancestor of sapiens
man.
In
western Europe, Neanderthaloid skeletal material begins to appear in
the second interglacial, with the Heidelberg jaw,14 and
is followed, during the early part of the Riss retreat, by the
Steinheim and Ehringsdorf crania. The whole of the third
interglacial, and the advance of Wurm I, belonged to Neanderthal
men, and not a single sapiens
skull has been found, in Europe, dating from this long time expanse.
The
Neanderthal group was extremely variable, and showed within its
ranks clear evidence of evolutionary change in a human direction. On
the whole, the western European specimens formed a marginal, and
relatively primitive, geographical sub-group of the species.
The center of its dispersion probably lay farther east, as did, one
may suppose, that of the Mousterian flake culture with which the
Neanderthal species seems to be basically associated.
In
Palestine, which falls on a periphery of this cultural range,
excavations in caves near the Sea of Galilee and Mount Carmel have
revealed a number of Neanderthaloid skeletons which are
different from those in Europe,
18
The condition known as taurodontism is not as uncommon as has been
supposed, and can no longer be cited as an impediment to the
relationship of Neanderthal with other types of man. For a
discussion and bibliography on the subject of taurodontism, see
Galloway, A., The
Skeletal Remains of Mapungubwe,
pp. 127-174, in Fouch6, L., Mapungubwe.
Current
scientific opinion in Germany tends to place Heidelberg in the
first interglacial.
The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
26
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
and
others which are, in fact, only partly Neanderthaloid.16
The materials from the Mountain Carmel caves, situated in a late
Middle Pleistocene setting, corresponding to the latter part of the
third interglacial in Europe, were found imbedded in a breccia thick
with Levalloiso-Mousterian implements. It is with these late
Mousterians, who showed atypical racial features, that we are at
present concerned.
In
one of the Mount Carmel caves, that of Tabun, was found the
skeleton of a small woman, fully Neanderthaloid, and associated
with it was a male mandible equal in size to that of Heidelberg, but
possessed of that human feature, a chin. In a nearby grotto, the
Mugharet es-Skhul, were the remains of a number of individuals,
including three male crania sufficiently complete for
reconstruction and measurement. A preliminary publication 16
of three of these skulls, and of the long bones of the same and
other individuals, gives us a reasonably accurate idea of their
position in the human family tree. Originally considered
members of the Neanderthaloid species, they are now known to be
fully human, although preserving a number of unmistakable
Neanderthaloid characteristics.
The
leg bones of the Skhul people are long and slender, the femora
heavily pilastered, in contrast to the Neanderthaloid form. The feet
are fully human, but lack the reduction found in the middle
phalanges of modern races, while the heels are short. The humeri are
likewise long and slender, the radii and ulnae straight, instead of
being bowed as with Neanderthal man, including the Tabun female. The
hands of Skhul men were broad and large.
In
the Skhul pelves, definite Neanderthaloid features appear; the
entire structure is lower and narrower than those of most modern
men. The Tabun woman’s pelvis, on the other hand, is quite
different from other Neanderthaloids, in the possession of a long,
plate-like pubis, which is an ape-like character. The vertebral
column of the Skhul men, while human, and possessing a lumbar curve
of sapiens
character, is short in the cervical region. The total height of the
cervical vertebrae is only 55.7 mm., as contrasted with a mean of
68.4 mm. for modern man. Thus the Skhul men were short-necked, and
in this respect possessed a Neanderthaloid trait. In comparison with
Neanderthal man, the Skhul thorax was flat, while that of the Tabun
woman retained the barrel-like earlier form. The ribs of the Skhul
men are variable in cross-section; some are flat and ribbon-like, as
in modern man, others are thick and rounded, as with
Keith,
Sir A., “A Report on the Galilee Skull,” in Turville-Petre, F.,
Researches
in Prehistoric Galilee.
Keith,
Sir A., and McCown, T. W., BASP, $13, 1937, pp. 5-15; also “Mount
Carmel Man,” etc,, Early
Mani
»
Keith, Sir A., and McCown, T. W., BASP, #13, 1937, pp. 5-15.
Phila.,
1937, pp. 41-52. (Other notices superseded by the last two
mentioned.)
PLEISTOCENE
WHITE MEN
27
Neanderthal.
The latter form is also associated with the Upper Palaeolithic
European men,17 whose relationship to the Skhul people
will be treated later. The stature of the Skhul males was tall,
ranging from 173 to 179 cm., while that of the females, estimated
from long bones, was short, 158 cm. The sex differentiation thus
revealed is great.
In
the skull, Skhul man is definitely intermediate between the
Neanderthal alnd sapiens
groups, but much closer to the latter, so that its inclusion in the
living species cannot be denied. The skulls of the three males are
extremely large. In length, they equal Galley Hill, but far exceed
it in breadth; the vault height of two specimens, #5 and #9,
measured from the ear holes, is equal to that of Galley Hill, but
the third, #4, is as low as with true Neanderthals, while the
extreme breadth of this specimen acts as a compensation, permitting
a greater capacity than with the other two. In vault form, then, two
are mainly sapiens,
while one appears, from the measurements, to be largely
Neanderthaloid. The capacities of these three skulls are 1588, 1600,
and 1616 cc., respectively, much greater than those of Galley Hill
or others of his type, and greater than those of most living men. At
the same time, they exceed most Neanderthal figures. In brain size
as in stature, Skhul man exceeded either Neanderthal or Homo
sapiens
as previously known.
The
best preserved and most complete specimen, #5, is a heavy, thick
skull, with heavy browridges, which do not, however, attain a
maximum Neanderthaloid development. The greatest length falls
higher, in the rear, than with the Neanderthals; although the
occiput is protruding, it is not conical in form, as with many
Neanderthal specimens. The vault is well-arched, the lambdoid region
slightly flattened, and the forehead no more sloping than in many
modern sapiens
crania.
The
face, while large, fails to attain the gorilla-like proportions of
Neanderthal, and falls within the modern range in height and
breadth. The interorbital distance is, comparatively speaking,
great; the upper bonders of the orbits straight. Both tjie maxillae
and mandible are of great size and robusticity, exceeding most
modern specimens, and the alveolar prognathism is excessive. The
mandible has, however, a fully human chin, and the teeth are, like
those of the Tabun specimens, not taurodont. The palate, viewed from
below, while large, is long in proportion to its breadth,
unlike Neanderthal in which the breadth exceeds the length. The
foramen magnum, like that of Neanderthal, is long and narrow.
Although
the anthropometric position of the Skhul crania will be discussed
later in more detail, it is worth noting at the moment that in most
characters capable of measurement the $5 specimen falls between Homo
17
Aichel, O., Der
deutsche Mensch,
p. 30.