- •Unit I
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Passive structures and their message
- •Ambiguous Ved forms
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Study and research
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate Text 1 about scientific research in Supplementary reading. Pick up words and expressions which can be of use for you.
- •II. Рассмотрим перевод некоторых грамматических конструкций, содержащих ing-формы.
- •Pure and applied science
- •Automation in the research process
- •Ambiguous combinations of Ving and n
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Experimental work
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2 Translate into English.
- •V3. Read and translate Text 2 about empirical research in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •The infinitive
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Showing and proving
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate the words in brackets. Then translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V3. Translate into English:
- •V4. Read and translate Text 3 about evaluation of research results in Supplementary reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V5 Write a piece of 5-7 sentences to characterize the process of evaluating the data that you have obtained in the course of your research. Use grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 4
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Modal verbs and their equivalents
- •Summary chart of modals and similar expressions
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Obtaining and analysing results
- •V1. Translate into English:
- •V2. Read and translate text 4 about analysis of research results in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Conditionals without if
- •Sentences with as if, as though
- •Object clauses with subjunctive
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Describing trends and tendencies
- •V1. There are a lot of verbs and nouns describing changes in size, number, price, value etc. Find the verbs that indicate an upward, downward or horizontal movement:
- •V2. Describe the rate and size of change observed:
- •V3. Complete the sentences with the prepositions: of, per, at, by, from…to.
- •V4. Translate into Russian:
- •V5. Read the example of a scatter graph description. Pick up words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V6. Write 5-7 sentences describing some trends in the field of your research. Unit 6
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Suffixes of the noun
- •The noun
- •2. Множественное число некоторых заимствованных из других языков существительных образуется по правилам этих языков:
- •3.Существительное в роли определителя: правило ряда
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate text 5 where fundamental science and experimental science are compared. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V4. Write an essay of 5-7 sentences comparing :
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Grammar слова-заместители
- •3) This, these:
- •Vocabulary
- •Emphasizing
- •Concluding
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2. Write an essay about your research work using all grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 8
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Prepositions and conjunctions
- •Наиболее употребительные составные предлоги:
- •Наиболее употребительные составные союзы
- •Cлова, на которые следует обратить особое внимание
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •V1. Translate the sentences
- •V2. Make up a story about a scientist using idioms and expressions with the word “time”. You might start as follows:
- •To make and to do
- •V3. Complete the sentences with to make or to do in the proper form. Then translate them into Russian.
- •V4. Translate the sentences
- •V5. Continue the story about the scientist but this time try to use the verbs “to make” and “to do”. Unit 9 word building
- •Complex sentence
- •Vocabulary learn to deduce the meaning of english words:
- •Supplementary reading
- •Research
- •Empirical research
- •Evaluation and improvement
- •Aspects of validation
- •Analysis of research results
- •The process of data analysis
- •1. Data cleaning
- •2. Initial data analysis
- •3. Main data analysis
- •Fundamental science and applied science compared
- •Supplementary information most widespread abbreviations
- •Linking words and phrases
- •Table of mathematical symbols
- •Main sources of information
Unit I
Improve your pronunciation:
P 1. Find the words where the letter “c” is read as [s], as [k] and as [ks]:
Accept, executive, occasionally, disturbance, once, successfully, accelerate, condition, incident, instruct, decision, cover, conservation, recycling, resource, dedication, function, succeed, access, process, concept, calculate, percentage, call, produce, cybernetics, certain, circle, cycle, cylinder, encyclopedia, precise, accompany, aspect, facility, exceed, accuracy, circumstance, procedure, chloride.
P 2. Find the words where the letters “ch” are read as [t∫ }, as [∫ ] and as [k]:
Mechanism, machine, choice, chloride, chamber, hierarchy, technique, characterize, chef, chief, machinery, channel, chemistry, check, schedule, achievement, mechanize, scheme.
P3. Distribute the following verbs into 3 groups:
-edis read as [d]: |
-edis read as [t]: |
–edis read as [id]: |
observed |
stopped |
insulated |
Played, facilitated, stored, constituted, counted, detached, excluded, developed, flushed, formed, benefited, focused, assembled, hosted, mastered, classified, doubled, featured, parted, separated, filed, distributed, exchanged, discussed, cooled, grouped, operated, tried, validated, worked, realized, summarized, directed, lined, approved, joined, complicated, improved, gathered, finished, educated, dropped, placed, discharged, cracked, browsed, accessed, greeted.
Grammar:
Passive structures and their message
G1. Identify the passive structures and translate the sentences into Russian.
Examples:
These data are presented in Fig. 2. - Эти данные представлены на рис.2.
The answers were given upon demand. - Ответы давались после запроса.
Noise will be reduced by filtering. - Шум будет уменьшен с помощью фильтрации.
Dryingprocessis effectedwithpumps. - Процесс осушенияосуществляетсяспомощьюнасосов.More evidence has been obtained to support the idea. - Получены новые данные в поддержку этой идеи.
A, B
The problem was first recognized in the 19th century. Later an idea was suggested to apply it to practical things. Many possibilities for practical applications were analyzed. Some of these were tested by experiment. The experimental results were not generally accepted, and the idea was discarded. Then other consequences were deduced and a new model proposed. Recently the model has been modified and is now being used in many practical situations.
G2.Make the following structures impersonal passive:
Example: We (the author) have/has found that ... It has been found that ...
A, B
I must admit that ...2. Everybody accepts that ... 3. I believe that... 4. The author hopes that ... 5. Scientists sometimes say that ... 6. Most people assume that ... 7. Physicists recognize nowadays that...
G3.Give English equivalents using impersonal passive structures and adverbs "widely", "generally" when required.
A, B
1.Говорят, что... 2.Предполагается, что... 3.Можно надеяться, что...4.Следует признать, что... 5.Было найдено, что... 6.Общепризнанно, что... 7.Считают, что... 8.Широко распространено мнение, что ..
Remember:
List 1.English verbs that take a direct object but in Russian they are followed by a preposition |
List 2.Verbs that are followed by a preposition in English
|
to affect - влиять на |
toaccountfor– объяснять,учитывать |
to approach - подойти к |
toagreeupon- договариваться о |
to attend - присутствовать на |
tocallfor- требовать, призывать к |
toconsult- консультироваться с |
todealwith- иметь дело с, рассматривать |
to influence - влиять на |
toreferto- ссылаться на, упоминать о; |
to join - присоединяться к |
to refer to … as - называть |
to watch - наблюдать за |
to rely on/upon - полагаться на |
tofollow- следовать, следить за |
to think of - думать о to think of … as - считать |
|
tosubstitutefor- вводить, подставлять вместо |
List 3.Remember the following passive combinations and their active equivalents:
to give consideration to - to consider - рассматривать
to make allowance for - to allow for - учитывать, делать поправку на
to make a contribution to - to contribute to - вносить вклад в, способствовать
to make mention of - to mention - упоминать о
to make reference to - to refer to - ссылаться на
to make use of - to use - использовать, воспользоваться
to take advantage of - to make use of - воспользоваться
to take note of - to take notice of - to pay attention to - обращать внимание на
Example:
In this method use was made of pyramid structures. – В этом методе использовались пирамидальные структуры.
G4. Translate the following sentences:
B, C
1. This atmospheric interference has often been made reference to by radio and TV commentators. 2. Unfortunately no advantage was taken of the fast reaction rate. 3. So far no notice has been taken of the obvious advantage of this technique. 4. His curiosity was excited when reference was made to still earlier publications. 5. Recently the problem has been given close consideration in connection with a new space project. 6. Several outstanding contributions have been made to the study of crystal growth. 7. There is no doubt that in the course of further scientific development extensive use will be made of modern computing machines and electronic devices. 8. Some people are easily influenced by other people's opinion. 9. This method has been referred to in an earlier paper. 10. I do not think this instrument can be relied upon. 11. The seminar was attended by all the participants. 12. His lectures are always followed by heated discussions. 13. The data cannot be accounted for by the existing theory.14. This theory has been referred to as the "big bang" theory. 15. At the university students are offered a curriculum of study which is followed by exams and the award of a degree. 16. Reference was made of his earlier publication. 17. In his book emphasis is placed on the localization problem. 18. An important contribution was made to the study of this phenomenon. 19. Advantage is often taken of the effect of temperature on solubility. 20. In their discussion no account was taken of the environmental conditions.
G5.Translate the text:
B, C
Recently much attention has been given to the study of this phenomenon. In this paper new experimental observations are presented and discussed. The data have been obtained assuming a new model of the mechanism involved, which was suggested in an earlier study by the author. The measurements have been carried out with a conventional apparatus slightly modified by the author. All possible sources of error are taken into account and consideration is given to the advantages and shortcomings of the present approach. The results are analyzed and the analysis is followed by a comparison of the data obtained with those available in the literature. It is hoped that the disagreement may be accounted for by an improved experimental technique of the present investigation.