- •Unit I
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Passive structures and their message
- •Ambiguous Ved forms
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Study and research
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate Text 1 about scientific research in Supplementary reading. Pick up words and expressions which can be of use for you.
- •II. Рассмотрим перевод некоторых грамматических конструкций, содержащих ing-формы.
- •Pure and applied science
- •Automation in the research process
- •Ambiguous combinations of Ving and n
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Experimental work
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2 Translate into English.
- •V3. Read and translate Text 2 about empirical research in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •The infinitive
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Showing and proving
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate the words in brackets. Then translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V3. Translate into English:
- •V4. Read and translate Text 3 about evaluation of research results in Supplementary reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V5 Write a piece of 5-7 sentences to characterize the process of evaluating the data that you have obtained in the course of your research. Use grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 4
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Modal verbs and their equivalents
- •Summary chart of modals and similar expressions
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Obtaining and analysing results
- •V1. Translate into English:
- •V2. Read and translate text 4 about analysis of research results in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Conditionals without if
- •Sentences with as if, as though
- •Object clauses with subjunctive
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Describing trends and tendencies
- •V1. There are a lot of verbs and nouns describing changes in size, number, price, value etc. Find the verbs that indicate an upward, downward or horizontal movement:
- •V2. Describe the rate and size of change observed:
- •V3. Complete the sentences with the prepositions: of, per, at, by, from…to.
- •V4. Translate into Russian:
- •V5. Read the example of a scatter graph description. Pick up words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V6. Write 5-7 sentences describing some trends in the field of your research. Unit 6
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Suffixes of the noun
- •The noun
- •2. Множественное число некоторых заимствованных из других языков существительных образуется по правилам этих языков:
- •3.Существительное в роли определителя: правило ряда
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate text 5 where fundamental science and experimental science are compared. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V4. Write an essay of 5-7 sentences comparing :
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Grammar слова-заместители
- •3) This, these:
- •Vocabulary
- •Emphasizing
- •Concluding
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2. Write an essay about your research work using all grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 8
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Prepositions and conjunctions
- •Наиболее употребительные составные предлоги:
- •Наиболее употребительные составные союзы
- •Cлова, на которые следует обратить особое внимание
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •V1. Translate the sentences
- •V2. Make up a story about a scientist using idioms and expressions with the word “time”. You might start as follows:
- •To make and to do
- •V3. Complete the sentences with to make or to do in the proper form. Then translate them into Russian.
- •V4. Translate the sentences
- •V5. Continue the story about the scientist but this time try to use the verbs “to make” and “to do”. Unit 9 word building
- •Complex sentence
- •Vocabulary learn to deduce the meaning of english words:
- •Supplementary reading
- •Research
- •Empirical research
- •Evaluation and improvement
- •Aspects of validation
- •Analysis of research results
- •The process of data analysis
- •1. Data cleaning
- •2. Initial data analysis
- •3. Main data analysis
- •Fundamental science and applied science compared
- •Supplementary information most widespread abbreviations
- •Linking words and phrases
- •Table of mathematical symbols
- •Main sources of information
Vocabulary learn to deduce the meaning of english words:
Background- общий смысл - предшествование в пространстве или времени: фон, задний план; образование, квалификация, биографические данные.
This vacancy can be filled only by a scientist with outstanding record and background. 2. This text deals with the methods of geological science, their historical background and development. 3. People of all background and all ages all over the world need peace. 4. What is the background of this problem? 5. Much depend on the personal interest of the student, and on his linguistic and cultural background.
Case -общий смысл: совокупность конкретных условий или обстоятельств, характеризующих ситуацию: случай, положение дел; доводы, доказательства, аргументы.
In any case the results of the experiment will be of great value. 2. If this is really the case, a true scientific breakthrough of major importance can be anticipated in the next decade. 3. He presented a strong case against a proposed solution. 4. Research workers in need of funds could apply for grants if they could make out a convincing case. 5. He stated his case so well that the committee supported the project.
Challenge, challenging– общий смысл: испытание, вызов, сложность (требующая преодоления): вызов (на соревнование, поединок, дуэль); сложная задача, проблема; проба сил; серьезное испытание; запрос (пароля, пропуска или опознавательного сигнала);
возражение в ходе судебного процесса; оспаривание; требовать (усилий, стараний), стать испытанием (чьих-л. способностей, возможностей); вызывать, бросать вызов, оспаривать, ставить под сомнение; трудный, но интересный.
1. It was a challenge just to survive. 2. He challenged his brother to a round of golf. 3. In December, she saw off the first challenge to her leadership. 4. The project was immediately challenged by the opposition. 5. The men opened fire after they were challenged by the guard. 6. We are challenged to create a new technique. 7. I'm really at my best when I'm challenged. 8. The job doesn’t really challenge her. 9. The company is ready to meet the challenges of the next few years. 10. Teaching young children is a challenging and rewarding job. 11. Viewpoints such as these are strongly challenged by environmentalists. 12. I was bored with my job and felt that I needed a new challenge. 13. Recent discoveries pose a serious challenge to accepted views on the age of the universe. 14. We challenged the company to prove that its system was safe. 15.We have solved the problem that has intrigued and challenged us for many years.
Develop, development(s) -общий элемент смысла: развитие во времени, зарождение и развитие: развивать(ся), разрабатывать, излагать, раскрывать, проявлять(ся); развитие, разработка, изложение, результат развития.
1. Plants develop from seeds. 2. The hypothesis gradually developed in the scientist's mind. 3. No possible evidence has been developed to support the theory. 4. The solution of the energy problem depends on development of alternative sources of energy. 5. Independent study is one of the best habits a scientist can develop. 6. The development of photographic films requires a dark room 7. This paper deals with the recent developments in the theoretical physics.
Facilitate, facility- общий смысл: наилучшие условия, возможности для осуществления чего-либо: облегчать, способствовать; возможность; удобства, средства, оборудование, устройства.
1.The new equipment will facilitate the experiment. 2. We are planning the directions and the scope of research and the provision of experimental facilities. 3. To carry out this task we need large engineering facilities. 4. To complete the project we need adequate facilities for research. 5. The software has the facility to produce high-quality graphics displays. 6. Computers can be used to facilitate language learning. 7. Natural gas is used as a facilitator of coal combustion. 8.Shehasanamazingfacilityforlanguages.
Imply, implication, implicit- общий смысл: не высказанный словами, но логически вытекающий из чего-то: подразумевать, означать, иметь в виду; скрытый смысл, значение; что-то вытекает из чего -л.;implicit - подразумеваемый, не выраженный прямо.
1.Recent observations of various astronomical objects together with their theoretical implications were discussed at the conference. 2. Dirac’s theory implied that there should be the same number of anti-particles as particles in the universe. 3. People always talk about fundamental research, implying the existence of a nameless opposite. 4. What are the implications of this statement? 5. The cutting of sentences into the subject and predicate groups was implicit in traditional grammar analysis. 6. An off-road vehicle, as its name implies, is designed for use where there are no roads. 7. His suggestions may be seen as an implicit criticism of the work of research laboratories. 8. The high level of radiation in the rocks implies that they are volcanic in origin.
Involve -общий смысл: включение в деятельность, движение или объем: включать в себя; влечь за собой, вызывать; запутывать, осложнять.To be involved - быть включенным, вовлеченным, участвующим.
1.The first industrial revolution involved the replacement of human and animal muscle power by the power of machines. 2. A technical project often starts as a simple practical activity involving only a few scientists and engineers. 3. This institute is involved in a research project on laser techniques. 4. Running your own business usually involves working long hours. 5. Most people don’t realize the amount of effort involved in writing an article to a scientific journal. 6. The plot was so involved that very few people knew what was going on. 7. Most research and development projects involve some element of risk. 8. The job involved working with software development team. 9. Our involvement with this project started way back in 1989. 10. The problem requires the active involvement of the local government.