Chapter 35. Bash, version 2

The current version of Bash, the one you have running on your machine, is actually version 2.XX.

bash$ echo $BASH_VERSION

2.04.21(1)−release

This update of the classic Bash scripting language added array variables, [62] string and parameter expansion, and a better method of indirect variable references, among other features.

Example 35−1. String expansion

#!/bin/bash

#String expansion.

#Introduced with version 2 of Bash.

#Strings of the form $'xxx'

#have the standard escaped characters interpreted.

echo $'Ringing bell 3 times \a \a \a' echo $'Three form feeds \f \f \f'

echo $'10 newlines \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'

exit 0

Example 35−2. Indirect variable references − the new way

#!/bin/bash

#Indirect variable referencing.

#This has a few of the attributes of references in C++.

a=letter_of_alphabet letter_of_alphabet=z

echo	"a =	$a"		#	Direct reference.
echo	"Now	a =	${!a}"	#	Indirect reference.

# The ${!variable} notation is greatly superior to the old "eval var1=\$$var2"

echo

t=table_cell_3 table_cell_3=24

echo "t = ${!t}" # t = 24 table_cell_3=387

echo "Value of t changed to ${!t}" # 387

#This is useful for referencing members of an array or table,

#or for simulating a multi−dimensional array.

#An indexing option would have been nice (sigh).

exit 0

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Example 35−3. Using arrays and other miscellaneous trickery to deal four random hands from a deck of cards

#!/bin/bash

# May need to be invoked with #!/bin/bash2 on older machines.

#Cards:

#deals four random hands from a deck of cards.

UNPICKED=0

PICKED=1

DUPE_CARD=99

LOWER_LIMIT=0

UPPER_LIMIT=51

CARDS_IN_SUIT=13

CARDS=52

declare −a Deck declare −a Suits declare −a Cards

#It would have been easier and more intuitive

#with a single, 3−dimensional array.

#Perhaps a future version of Bash will support multidimensional arrays.

initialize_Deck ()

{

i=$LOWER_LIMIT

until [ "$i" −gt $UPPER_LIMIT ] do

Deck[i]=$UNPICKED # Set each card of "Deck" as unpicked. let "i += 1"

done echo

}

initialize_Suits ()

{

Suits[0]=C #Clubs Suits[1]=D #Diamonds Suits[2]=H #Hearts Suits[3]=S #Spades

}

initialize_Cards ()

{

Cards=(2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K A)

# Alternate method of initializing an array.

}

pick_a_card ()

{

card_number=$RANDOM

let "card_number %= $CARDS"

if [ "${Deck[card_number]}" −eq $UNPICKED ] then

Deck[card_number]=$PICKED return $card_number

else

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return $DUPE_CARD

fi

}

parse_card ()

{

number=$1

let "suit_number = number / CARDS_IN_SUIT" suit=${Suits[suit_number]}

echo −n "$suit−"

let "card_no = number % CARDS_IN_SUIT" Card=${Cards[card_no]}

printf %−4s $Card

# Print cards in neat columns.

}

seed_random () # Seed random number generator.

{

seed=`eval date +%s` let "seed %= 32766" RANDOM=$seed

}

deal_cards ()

{

echo

cards_picked=0

while [ "$cards_picked" −le $UPPER_LIMIT ] do

pick_a_card t=$?

if [ "$t" −ne $DUPE_CARD ] then

parse_card $t

u=$cards_picked+1

# Change back to 1−based indexing (temporarily). let "u %= $CARDS_IN_SUIT"

if [ "$u" −eq 0 ]	# Nested if/then condition test.
then
echo
echo
fi
# Separate hands.

let "cards_picked += 1"

fi done

echo

return 0

}

#Structured programming:

#entire program logic modularized in functions.

#================ seed_random

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initialize_Deck initialize_Suits initialize_Cards deal_cards

exit 0 #================

#Exercise 1:

#Add comments to thoroughly document this script.

#Exercise 2:

#Revise the script to print out each hand sorted in suits.

#You may add other bells and whistles if you like.

#Exercise 3:

#Simplify and streamline the logic of the script.

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