- •Grammar as a part of language. Padadigmatic and syntagmatic units
- •2) Grammar as a linguistic discipline. Variants of grammar. Types of Grammatical analysis.
- •3) Division of Grammar. Morphology and syntax
- •4) Grammatical meaning, Grammatical form
- •5) Grammatical category. The notion of opposition as the basis of gram.Categories.
- •6) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology
- •7) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •8) Criteria for establishing parts of speech:semantic,formal.Notinal and functional p. Of s.
- •9) General characteristics of the noun. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Gramatically relevant classes of nouns
- •10. Morphological categories of Noun (number, case)
- •11. Article in English. Number and meaning of articles. The problem
- •12. Adjective. Classes. Statives
- •13. The adverb. Classes. Degrees of comparison
- •§ 3. In accord with their word-building structure adverbs may be simple and derived.
- •§ 4. Adverbs are commonly divided into qualitative, quantitative and circumstantial.
- •14. Verb. Classification
- •15. The Category of Tense. Problem of future. Future in the past
- •16. The place of continuous forms in the system of the English verb. The category of aspect
- •17. The place of perfect forms in the system of the English verb. The category of order (phase, correlation)
- •18)The category of voice in English. General ch-tics. The problem of the number of voices.
- •19. The category of mood in English. General characteristics. The problems of Subjunctive.
- •20) Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. Category of representation
- •21) General ch-ics of syntax as a part of grammar
- •22)The problem of the definition of the phrase. Phrases and forms of word connection
- •23) General characteristics of the sentence. Predicativity. Predication.
- •24) Classification of sentences. Structural and communicative types of sentence.
- •25)The formal structure of sentences. The model of parts of the sentence
- •26)The Problems of the Object, the Attribute, the adverbial modifier
- •27) The distributional model of the sentence. The model of immediate constituents
- •28). The transformational model of the sentence
- •29. Functional sentence perspective. The theme and rheme
- •30. The Semantic structure of the sentence. General Overview of Semantic Syntax
- •Valency theory
- •Deep case theory
- •33. Compositional Syntax
- •34. Pragmatic approach to the study of language units. Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •35) The grammatical features of dialogues and communicative parts.
- •37.Utterances and Texts. Speech Act theory
- •38. Text linguistics. Grammatical aspects of the Text.
- •39. General characteristics of the composite sentence. The compound sentence
- •40. The Comlex Sentence. Principles of classification
15. The Category of Tense. Problem of future. Future in the past
The category of tense in English (as well as in Russian) expresses the relationship between the time of the action and the time of speaking.
The time of events is usually correlated with the moment of speaking. The three main divisions of time are present (including the moment of speaking), past (preceding it), acid future (following it).Events may be also correlated with other events, moments, situations (for example, in the past or in the future). They may precede or follow other events or happen at the same time with other events.
Accordingly time may be denoted absolutely (with regard to the moment of speaking) and relatively (with regard to a certain moment).
1.2. Languages differ as to the means of the grammatical expression of time. Time may be expressed by one category, the category of tense (Russian) or by several categories (English)In Modern Russian the category of tense denotes time both absolutely and relatively:
Он работает на заводе.
Он сказал, что работает на заводе.
In sentence (1) the present form denotes an action, correlated with the
moment of shaking, hi sentence (2) it denotes an action, correlated with a moment in the past. In both sentences the action include (the moment with which it is correlated
In Modern English the category of tense denotes time only absolutely:
He works at a plant.
He said he worked at a plant.
In both sentences the action is correlated with the moment of speaking, fn sentence (3) it includes the moment of speaking, fn sentence (4) it precedes the moment of speaking.
So the category of tense in Modem Russian denotes the relation of an action to the moment of speaking or to some other moment. The category of tense in Modern English denotes the relation of an action to the moment of speaking. Relative time is expressed by special forms (future-in - the-past, perfect forms, sometimes continuous forms), which are very often also treated as tenses.
The two main approaches to the category of Tense in Modern English are: 1) there are three tenses: present, past, future; 2) there are two tenses: present and past (O.Jespersen, L.SBarkhudarov) According to the second view shall, will + infinitive cannot be treatedas analytical forms, as shall and will preserve their modal. However the recognition of the analytical forms of the future does not mean the recognition of the three-tense system, because in Modern English there are two correlated forms, denoting future actions: future and future in the-past. Future-in-the past correlates an action not with the moment of speaking, but with a moment in the past, so it cannot be included into the system of tenses. Moreover, if it is treated as a tense form, there will be two lenses in one form (future and past), which is impossible. On the other hand, future and non-future forms constitute an opposition: comes — will come came — would come. This opposition reveals a special category, the category of posteriority (prospect). Will come denotes absolute posteriority, would come ~ relative posteriority.