- •Grammar as a part of language. Padadigmatic and syntagmatic units
- •2) Grammar as a linguistic discipline. Variants of grammar. Types of Grammatical analysis.
- •3) Division of Grammar. Morphology and syntax
- •4) Grammatical meaning, Grammatical form
- •5) Grammatical category. The notion of opposition as the basis of gram.Categories.
- •6) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology
- •7) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •8) Criteria for establishing parts of speech:semantic,formal.Notinal and functional p. Of s.
- •9) General characteristics of the noun. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Gramatically relevant classes of nouns
- •10. Morphological categories of Noun (number, case)
- •11. Article in English. Number and meaning of articles. The problem
- •12. Adjective. Classes. Statives
- •13. The adverb. Classes. Degrees of comparison
- •§ 3. In accord with their word-building structure adverbs may be simple and derived.
- •§ 4. Adverbs are commonly divided into qualitative, quantitative and circumstantial.
- •14. Verb. Classification
- •15. The Category of Tense. Problem of future. Future in the past
- •16. The place of continuous forms in the system of the English verb. The category of aspect
- •17. The place of perfect forms in the system of the English verb. The category of order (phase, correlation)
- •18)The category of voice in English. General ch-tics. The problem of the number of voices.
- •19. The category of mood in English. General characteristics. The problems of Subjunctive.
- •20) Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. Category of representation
- •21) General ch-ics of syntax as a part of grammar
- •22)The problem of the definition of the phrase. Phrases and forms of word connection
- •23) General characteristics of the sentence. Predicativity. Predication.
- •24) Classification of sentences. Structural and communicative types of sentence.
- •25)The formal structure of sentences. The model of parts of the sentence
- •26)The Problems of the Object, the Attribute, the adverbial modifier
- •27) The distributional model of the sentence. The model of immediate constituents
- •28). The transformational model of the sentence
- •29. Functional sentence perspective. The theme and rheme
- •30. The Semantic structure of the sentence. General Overview of Semantic Syntax
- •Valency theory
- •Deep case theory
- •33. Compositional Syntax
- •34. Pragmatic approach to the study of language units. Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •35) The grammatical features of dialogues and communicative parts.
- •37.Utterances and Texts. Speech Act theory
- •38. Text linguistics. Grammatical aspects of the Text.
- •39. General characteristics of the composite sentence. The compound sentence
- •40. The Comlex Sentence. Principles of classification
30. The Semantic structure of the sentence. General Overview of Semantic Syntax
Every linguistic unit may be analysed either from the form to the meaning or from the signification to the means of expression. Traditionally sentence analysis starts from syntactic structure. Models of the analysis of semantic structure were worked out by the representatives of a new school of linguistic thought, called generative semantics. One of these models is Case Grammar devised by the American scholar Ch.Fillmore.
Transformational Model distinguished deep and surface structures within the syntactic level. In Case-Grammar deep, or underlying structure is semantic and surface structure is syntactic. Deep, or semantic structure has two main constituents: modality (features of mood, tense, aspect, negation, relating to the sentence as a whole) and proposition (tenseless set of relationships). The proposition is constituted bу the semantic predicate (the central element) and some nominal elements, called arguments or participants. The proposition is a reflection of situations and events of the outside world. The semantic predicate determines the number of arguments, or opens up places for arguments. Accordingly we may distinguish one-place predicates (She sang), two-place predicates (She broke the dish) and so on. Arguments are in different semantic relations to the predicate. These relations are called semantic roles deep cases. The choice of semantic roles depends on the nature of the predicate. Semantic roles, or deep cases are judgments about the events, such as: Who did it? Who did it happen to? What got changed? The most general, roles are agent (doer of the action) and patient (affected by the action or state)- Actions are accompanied by agents, states and processes — by patients; predicates, denoting both actions and processes — by agents and patients: She broke the dish.
GENERAL REMARKS of semantic syntax
The sentence was defined as a model of some fragment of the world. Besides it is a word or a group of words having predicativity. Predicativity was defined as reference of the content of the utterance to reality. It means that alongside predicativity the sentence has some content. The content should somehow correlate with some fragment of the outer world which is its model. So a sentence along with its grammatical meanings (predicativity, functional perspective and communicative types) has a referential meaning, which can be compared to the lexical meaning of a word. Though this referential meaning cannot be treated as grammatical, its analysis and description traditionally belong to the domain of grammar. There are several ways of analysing and describing this meaning. They may be grouped into five trends. These trends sometimes seem to be opposite to each other and even antagonistic, but in fact they are either detailed elaboration of each other or they lay specific stress on different aspects of this complex and complicated problem. The oldest and most popular up till now is the method of members of the sentence. Much later and almost simultaneously appeared two theories – the valency theory and generative (transformational) syntax. A bit later, deep case grammar and, independent of it but logically close to it, syntaxemic grammar were developed. All these approaches to the referential semantics of a sentence were summarised in a theoretical framework called compositional syntax.