- •Grammar as a part of language. Padadigmatic and syntagmatic units
- •2) Grammar as a linguistic discipline. Variants of grammar. Types of Grammatical analysis.
- •3) Division of Grammar. Morphology and syntax
- •4) Grammatical meaning, Grammatical form
- •5) Grammatical category. The notion of opposition as the basis of gram.Categories.
- •6) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology
- •7) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •8) Criteria for establishing parts of speech:semantic,formal.Notinal and functional p. Of s.
- •9) General characteristics of the noun. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Gramatically relevant classes of nouns
- •10. Morphological categories of Noun (number, case)
- •11. Article in English. Number and meaning of articles. The problem
- •12. Adjective. Classes. Statives
- •13. The adverb. Classes. Degrees of comparison
- •§ 3. In accord with their word-building structure adverbs may be simple and derived.
- •§ 4. Adverbs are commonly divided into qualitative, quantitative and circumstantial.
- •14. Verb. Classification
- •15. The Category of Tense. Problem of future. Future in the past
- •16. The place of continuous forms in the system of the English verb. The category of aspect
- •17. The place of perfect forms in the system of the English verb. The category of order (phase, correlation)
- •18)The category of voice in English. General ch-tics. The problem of the number of voices.
- •19. The category of mood in English. General characteristics. The problems of Subjunctive.
- •20) Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. Category of representation
- •21) General ch-ics of syntax as a part of grammar
- •22)The problem of the definition of the phrase. Phrases and forms of word connection
- •23) General characteristics of the sentence. Predicativity. Predication.
- •24) Classification of sentences. Structural and communicative types of sentence.
- •25)The formal structure of sentences. The model of parts of the sentence
- •26)The Problems of the Object, the Attribute, the adverbial modifier
- •27) The distributional model of the sentence. The model of immediate constituents
- •28). The transformational model of the sentence
- •29. Functional sentence perspective. The theme and rheme
- •30. The Semantic structure of the sentence. General Overview of Semantic Syntax
- •Valency theory
- •Deep case theory
- •33. Compositional Syntax
- •34. Pragmatic approach to the study of language units. Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •35) The grammatical features of dialogues and communicative parts.
- •37.Utterances and Texts. Speech Act theory
- •38. Text linguistics. Grammatical aspects of the Text.
- •39. General characteristics of the composite sentence. The compound sentence
- •40. The Comlex Sentence. Principles of classification
16. The place of continuous forms in the system of the English verb. The category of aspect
English verbs have special forms for expressing actions in progress, going on at a definite moment or period of time, i.e. for expressing limited duration — continuous forms.
When I came in he was writing.
Continuous forms, have been traditionally treated as tense forms, (definite, expanded, progressive) or as tense aspect forms. Consider the opposition:
comes — is coming
Members of the opposition are not opposed as lenses (tense is the same). They show different character of an action, the manner or way in which the action is experienced or regarded: as a mere fact or as taken in progress. The opposition common — continuous reveals the category of aspect.
Tense and aspect are closely connected, but they are different categories, revealed through different oppositions: comes — came; comes — is coming.
The fact that the Infinitive has the category of aspect (to come — to be coming) and has no category of tense also shows, that these are different categories.
The category of aspect is closely connected with the lexical meaning. R.Quirk divides the verbs into dynamic (having the category of aspect) and stative (disallowing the continuous form). Stative verbs denote perception, cognition and certain relations: see, know, like, belong. Dynamic verbs may be terminative (limitive), denoting actions of limited duration: close, break, dome, and durative (unlimitive), denoting actions of unlimited duration: walk, read, write, shine. With durative verbs the aspect opposition may be neutralized.
When I came in he sat in the coner.
When I came, in he was sitting in the corner.
17. The place of perfect forms in the system of the English verb. The category of order (phase, correlation)
In Modern English there are also special forms for expressing relative priority — perfect forms. Perfect forms express both the time (actions preceding a certain moment) and the way the action is shown to proceed (the connection of the action will) the indicated moment in its results or consequences). So the meaning of the perfect forms is constituted by two semantic components: temporal (priority) and aspective (result, current relevance). That is why perfect forms have been treated as tense-forms or aspect forms.
Consider the oppositions: comes — has come, is coming — has been coming.
Members of these oppositions are not opposed either as tenses or as aspects (members of each opposition -express the same tense and aspect). These oppositions reveal the category of order (correlation, retrospect, taxis).
Tense and order are closely connected, but they are different categories, revealed through different oppositions:
comes — came,comes — has come.
The fact that verbals have the category of order (to come — to have come, coming — having come) and have no category of tense also shows the difference of these categories.
The meaning of perfect forms may be influenced by the lexical meaning of the verb (limitive/unlimitive), tense-form, context mid other factors.
So temporal relations in Modern English are expressed by three categories:
tense {present — past)
prospect (future — non future) order {perfect — non-perfect).
The central category, tense, is proper to finite forms only. Categories denoting time relatively, embrace both finites and verbals.
The character of an action is expressed by two categories: aspect (common — continuous) and order.