- •Grammar as a part of language. Padadigmatic and syntagmatic units
- •2) Grammar as a linguistic discipline. Variants of grammar. Types of Grammatical analysis.
- •3) Division of Grammar. Morphology and syntax
- •4) Grammatical meaning, Grammatical form
- •5) Grammatical category. The notion of opposition as the basis of gram.Categories.
- •6) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology
- •7) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •8) Criteria for establishing parts of speech:semantic,formal.Notinal and functional p. Of s.
- •9) General characteristics of the noun. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Gramatically relevant classes of nouns
- •10. Morphological categories of Noun (number, case)
- •11. Article in English. Number and meaning of articles. The problem
- •12. Adjective. Classes. Statives
- •13. The adverb. Classes. Degrees of comparison
- •§ 3. In accord with their word-building structure adverbs may be simple and derived.
- •§ 4. Adverbs are commonly divided into qualitative, quantitative and circumstantial.
- •14. Verb. Classification
- •15. The Category of Tense. Problem of future. Future in the past
- •16. The place of continuous forms in the system of the English verb. The category of aspect
- •17. The place of perfect forms in the system of the English verb. The category of order (phase, correlation)
- •18)The category of voice in English. General ch-tics. The problem of the number of voices.
- •19. The category of mood in English. General characteristics. The problems of Subjunctive.
- •20) Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. Category of representation
- •21) General ch-ics of syntax as a part of grammar
- •22)The problem of the definition of the phrase. Phrases and forms of word connection
- •23) General characteristics of the sentence. Predicativity. Predication.
- •24) Classification of sentences. Structural and communicative types of sentence.
- •25)The formal structure of sentences. The model of parts of the sentence
- •26)The Problems of the Object, the Attribute, the adverbial modifier
- •27) The distributional model of the sentence. The model of immediate constituents
- •28). The transformational model of the sentence
- •29. Functional sentence perspective. The theme and rheme
- •30. The Semantic structure of the sentence. General Overview of Semantic Syntax
- •Valency theory
- •Deep case theory
- •33. Compositional Syntax
- •34. Pragmatic approach to the study of language units. Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •35) The grammatical features of dialogues and communicative parts.
- •37.Utterances and Texts. Speech Act theory
- •38. Text linguistics. Grammatical aspects of the Text.
- •39. General characteristics of the composite sentence. The compound sentence
- •40. The Comlex Sentence. Principles of classification
38. Text linguistics. Grammatical aspects of the Text.
Text is the unit of the highest (supersyntactic) level. It can be defined as a sequence of sentences connected logically and semantically which convey a complete message. The text is a language unit and it manifests itself in speech as discourse. Textlinguistics is concerned with the analysis of formal and structural features of the text. Text linguistics takes into account the form of a text, but also its setting, i.e. the way in which it is situated in an interactional, communicative context.Text as a linguistic unit has become an object of analysis in different linguistic disciplines known as “text linguistics”, “text grammar”, “discourse grammar”. Being a linguistic unit, it is understood as a unity of the plane of expression (form) and the plane of content (meaning) and as such possesses certain properties known as text categories. The “category” is understood as both any generalized characteristics of a group of units and a group of units possessing some common essential properties. The number and taxonomy of text categories differ from linguist to linguist and often involve argument as to whether the meaningful and structural (formal) categories should be identified separately. The latter causes quite a problem as they are closely interrelated: structural categories have meaningful characteristics and semantic categories are revealed through formal structural features. The properties often discussed as text categories are information, completeness, continuity, coherence, cohesion, retrospect, structural and semantic “parsibility”. Hence, cognitive (related to human knowledge) and contextual (related to speech act types) information, as well as pragmatic, contextual and social types, etc. are identified. Explicit and implicit information types are specified from the point of vie of the form in which information is presented in a text.Explicit information about facts and events, real or imagined, present, past or future, is termed factual information. Conceptual information deals with the author’s individual understanding of the interrelations between events described by means of factual information, their validity. Information is said to be closely related to coherence which in its turn is often discussed together with another text property – cohesion. Both refer to molding a text into a unit characterized by logical-semantic and structural-semantic continuity. The two properties are differentiated when cohesion is described as a manifestation of certain aspects of coherence. Or when coherence is understood as a result of the interpreter’s knowledge about states of affairs mentioned in a text, while cohesion is defined as the formal linguistic realization of semantic and pragmatic relations between clauses and sentences in a text. Cohesion is a relational property in that it is established when interpretation of one element in the text is dependent on another element. Grammatical devices are related to temporal and aspective verb forms, the use of conjunctions, pronouns, article determination, syntactical parallelism, ellipsis. Another property which seems to be recurrent (i.e. repeated) feature is text structure. Since ancient times three most general structural parts of the text have been defined: the Introduction, the Main Body, the Conclusion. text categories of oppositional nature: speech agent representation (репрезентативность), vector-direction (направленность) and stage-inclination (целенаправленность).