advanced	продвинутый
fee	плата, гонорар
rather	довольно-таки
graduate	выпускник
Bachelor Degree	степень бакалавра
Arts	гуманитарные науки
Science	естественные науки
later	позже
Master	магистр
research	исследовательский
feature	черта характера, свойство

5.2 Higher Education in Great Britain

The structure of higher education in Great Britain is very complex. There are four main types of higher educational institutions: universities, colleges of advanced technology, technical colleges and teacher-training colleges.

A university consists of a large number of faculties: medicine, arts, philosophy, law, music, natural sciences, economics, engineering, agriculture, commerce, education and theology. The course of study at the university generally lasts 3-4 years (medicine and veterinary take 5 years).

Of all British universities Oxford is the oldest because its history goes back to the 12th century. Cambridge University was founded in the 13th century. These two universities are considered the best in Great Britain as the standards of teaching are very high there. Both universities are the most "aristocratic" ones in Britain. In general, higher education in Great Britain is paid.

The system of education at these universities is rather unusual: the teaching is based on lectures and the so-called tutorial system. It means that each student has a teacher or a tutor who recommends the student to attend some lectures if they are interesting for his/her work. Each week some students come to see their tutor and he discusses with them the work which they have done and their problems (if any).

Colleges of advanced technology are in status equal to universities and in fact they are technological universities. They provide their students with higher technical education.

Technical colleges train specialists in one of the fields of national economy, for example, food technology, heating, ventilation, refrigeration engineering, etc.

Teacher-training colleges provide the country with highly educated teachers for schools, colleges, and universities.

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	Words and Word Combinations
college ['kOlIG]		технологический колледж
of advanced technology (CAT)		университетского типа;
technical ['teknIkql] college		технический колледж
teacher-training college		педагогический колледж
standards of teaching		уровень преподавания
cost of living and education		стоимость жизни и образования
paid education		платное образование
free of charge education		бесплатное образование
tutorial [tju:'tLrIql] system		система прикрепления студентов
		к отдельным преподавателям;
tutor ['tju:tq]		руководитель группы студентов
discuss		обсуждать
holidays, vacations		каникулы
structure ['strAkCq] of education		система образования
complex ['kOmplqks]		сложный
medicine ['medsin]		медицина
arts [Rts]		искусство
philosophy [fi'lOsqfi]		философия
law [lL]		право
natural ['nxCqrql] sciences		естественные науки
agriculture ["xgrI'kAlCq]		сельское хозяйство
commerce [kq'mWs]		торговля
theology [Ti'olqGi]		богословие
Oxford ['Oksfqd]		Оксфорд
Cambridge ['keimbriG]		Кембридж
"aristocratic" ["xristq'krxtik]		“аристократический”
unusual	[An'jHZIql] system	необычная система
recommend ["rekq'mend]		рекомендовать
status ['steitqs]		статус
heating ['hi:tiN]		отопление
ventilation ["venti'leiSn]		вентиляция
refrigeration ["refrIGI'reiSn]
engineering ["enGI'nIqrIN]		холодильная техника

EXERCISES

Ex. 1 Answer these questions:

1.What are the four types of higher educational Institutions in Great Britain? 2. Why are Oxford and Cambridge considered "aristocratic" universities? 3. Is higher education in Britain paid or free of charge? 4. Why is the system of teaching at Oxford and Cambridge unusual? 5. What does the tutorial system

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mean? 6. What education do the students of the colleges of advanced technology get? 7. What specialists do technical colleges train? 8. What colleges train teachers for schools, colleges, and universities? 9. What does ‘CAT’ mean?

Ex. 2 Translate these word combinations:

a) into Russian: to found a university, to enter a technical college, to study at a college of advanced technology, to graduate from a teacher-training college, high standards of teaching, to have a high cost of living, free of charge education, teaching based on the tutorial system, to have vacations between the terms, to provide the students with higher technical education;

b) into English: четыре типа высших учебных заведений; университет, основанный в 12 веке; высокий уровень преподавания, платное образо- вание; обсуждать работу с руководителем; учебный год, имеющий три семестра; студент педагогического колледжа; поступить в технический колледж; курс обучения в технологическом колледже.

Ex. 3 Make up sentences using these words and word combinations:

1.a large number of faculties, consist of, the British universities;

2.are considered, Oxford and Cambridge, the oldest and the best universities;

3.rather, unusual, the system, at these, of education, universities, is;

4.are high, the standards of teaching, there;

5.is based, at Oxford and Cambridge, on lectures and the tutorial system, the system of teaching;

6.is paid, in Great Britain, higher education;

7.holidays, have, between the three terms, the students;

8.the students, provide, the colleges of advanced technology, with higher technical education;

9.for one of the fields of national economy, technical colleges, train specialists;

10.are trained, at teacher-training colleges, highly educated teachers.

Ex. 4 Agree or disagree with the statements given below. Use the following introductory phrases:

That's right.—Правильно. That’s wrong.—Неправильно.

I quite agree with you.—Я совершенно согласен с вами. I can’t agree with you. — Я не могу согласиться вами.

Quite the contrary. — Как раз наоборот.

1. The structure of higher education in Great Britain is rather simple. 2. The university course of study lasts about 4 years. 3. Most of the students studying at Oxford and Cambridge are young people from the working class families. 4. Higher education at British universities is paid. 5. At Oxford and Cambridge the

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students must attend all lectures. 6. Each academic year at the university has two terms. 7. Higher technical education is provided by the colleges of advanced technology.

Ex. 5 Speaking situation. You are having a meeting with a delegation of students from Oxford. Ask your fellow student:

1. whether higher education in Great Britain is free of charge; 2. why Oxford is considered one of the best universities in Britain; 3. how many terms each academic year has; 4. if students have holidays between the terms, etc. (about 8- 10 questions in all).

5.3 Higher Educational Institutions

The academic year at University in our country is divided into 2 terms whereas British Universities and Colleges have 3 terms. At the end of every term Russian students take examinations. Before the examinations they have credit tests. After examinations Russian students have vacation. So they have their vacation twice a year. Those students who pass exams well get monthly grants. At the end of the fifth year students of technical Universities and Institutes present their graduation projects. After graduation the students of the technical institutions receive the diploma of an engineer.

5.4 Railway Education Abroad

In the USA and Great Britain the students get railway education at special colleges of advanced technology and at civil engineering departments of universities.

For example, the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Birmingham ranks as one of the foremost teaching and research railway centres in Great Britain. The students come to the University from all parts of the country and from abroad. The concentration of railroads in Birmingham makes it possible to keep in close touch with new achievements in railway engineering.

The aim of training at the University is to give the student an understanding of applied science based on lectures, tutorial system, laboratory work and design classes. The laboratory work trains the student in accurate recording of observations, drawing logical conclusions and presentation of scientific reports. Besides, it gives the students an understanding of experimental methods and familiarizes them with the characteristics of engineering materials, equipment and machines.

At the University of Birmingham there are two types of laboratories, general and specialized. General laboratories deal with the fundamentals of engineering science and specialized ones study the more specialized problems in different branches of engineering.

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The practical and laboratory work throughout the three or four years of study forms a very important part of the course, so the students obtain the required standard in their laboratory course work before they graduate.

As you know British educational system is fee-paying. The annual fee includes registration, tuition, examination and, in the case of full-time students, membership to the Students’ Union and the National Union of Students (NUS).

Students from all over the world (nearly 100 countries) study at the University of Birmingham. For many years the University has had a thriving community of international students.

Words and Word combinations

to rank	котироваться
foremost	передовой
research	исследование
to keep in close touch	близко соприкасаться
achievement	достижение
applied science	прикладная наука
design	проект
recording	запись
observation	наблюдение
to draw conclusions	делать заключения
to present scientific reports	представлять научные доклады
to familiarize	знакомить
equipment	оборудование
fundamentals	основы
comprehensive	общеобразовательный
available	имеющийся в наличии
to carry out	выполнять
to obtain	получать
to require	требовать
to graduate	выпускаться
fee-paying	платный
annual	ежегодный
to include	включать
membership	членство
to thrive	процветать, разрастаться
self-access [qk'ses]	свободного доступа
broadcast	передача
variety	разнообразие

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University of Birmingham

Railway Systems Engineering and Integration MSc/Diploma/Certificate

Globalisation of production and consumption relies on the presence of effective and efficient freight transport systems while urbanisation and increasing distances between home and workplace require mass passenger transport operating at high commercial speeds.

These programmes offer a truly interdisciplinary postgraduate experience. Students develop a thorough understanding of the principles involved in planning, designing and operating modern railway systems by attending intensive, week-long modules covering all the major railway technologies and organisational issues. They gain the skills and know-how required to manage successfully the complex interfaces characterising existing and new railway systems. The programme has a strong focus on developing individuals’ railway engineering knowledge, their systems integration skills and their ability to work in focused project teams.

Many participants are experienced railway engineers and managers, sponsored by their employers, but the programme also allows new entrants to the railway industry to familiarise themselves with the specialist disciplines involved in railway systems while also gaining a strong understanding of the complex interactions between subsystems. The taught part of the programme in RSEI is built around 12 assessed modules of ten credits each, four supplementary modules and an integrating dissertation attracting 60 credits, all at Masters level. All modules are assessed individually to allow flexible study including full-time and part-time attendance.

Education in Britain and Russia

	Britain		Russia
age	school	class/year		school	class/year
3	nursery school play-
4	group
	or kindergarten
5	infant school	reception class
6		year 1
7	primary school	year 2
8	(junior school)	year 3
9		year 4
10		year 5
11		year 6
		60