25.A) What is a bird strike?

An aircraft hitting a bird may create an emergency situation, known as Bird strike. The seriousness of this emergency depends on:

• the size of the bird;

• the speed of the aircraft on impact;

• the place it hits the aircraft;

• the phase of flight.

It effects may be very severe. The most dangerous strikes are to the windshield and engine.

Windshield cracked may result in possible flight crew injuries or death, flight control problems, forced or emergency landing.

A strike of this nature may lead to the ultimate loss of the aircraft. Strikes both in windshield and engine may impair the flying characteristics of the aircraft, making levels and heading difficult to maintain and safe landing difficult. They may ultimately lead to loss of control or even structure failure.

Bird ingestion generally happens when an aircraft encounters a big flock of small birds like owls, crows, ducks, seagulls. As a result an engine flame-out, ditching, rough or emergency landings are possible.

The bird strike might be very dangerous above all to aircraft flying at low altitudes.

The greatest risk of a bird strike is below 1,000 feet, with decreasing risk between 1,000 feet and 5,000 feet. The danger above 5,000 feet is much less but there is still some risk from migrating geese or other large birds, which have been encountered above 20,000 feet.

b) Give the interpretation and explanation to the acronym “ASSIST”.

Acknowledge Inform

Separate Support

Silence Time

26. A) Procedure of canceling flights under vmc conditions.

VFR flights may be either cancelled or changed to IFR flights. VFR flights can be prohibited to enter the controlled airspace if meteorological conditions are worse than 5000m visibility and 450m cloud base and there are other traffic operating either IMC or VMC (low ceiling or overcast conditions)

So, if there is a possibility that flight under VMC may become impracticable, an IFR flight shall be provided with alternative instructions to be complied with in the event that flight in VMC cannot be maintained for the term of the clearance.

If a pilot has the intention to change the flight rules, he has to inform the controller about his decision and the controller shall change flight plan (if available or necessary) and inform the other ATC units en-route about the changes.

b) What is radiotelephony phraseology?

Radiotelephony English is the language used in radiotelephony communications. It includes but must not be limited to ICAO phraseology and can require the use of "general" English at times “Plain language” refers most often to what we are calling here radiotelephony English but also may require "general" English.

ICAO phraseology. The standardized words and phrases approved for radiotelephony communications by ICAO have been developed over years and represent a very narrow, specialized and rigid subset of language.

27. A) Procedure of controller’s actions in case there are obstructions on the rw.

- If an aircraft approaches the aerodrome and there are some obstructions on the RW, the controller informs a pilot to make a “Go around” procedure and gives a reason (e.g. RW is blocked, water patches on the RW, etc), e.g.

KLM 127. Go around. RW blocked. Climb to altitude 2000ft.

Contact approach 118.7

• If a pilot departs and after receiving a take-off clearance some obstructions have appeared on the RW, the controller gives instructions to hold position or to cancel take-off.

If an aircraft has started taxiing and there are some obstructions on the RW, the controller gives an instruction to an aircraft to stop immediately (saying twice) and informs a supervisor about it.

If the speed of an aircraft is too high while taxiing and it starts stopping, it can use emergency braking. In this case a pilot can start a departure procedure again or return to stand for aircraft inspection.

In the event the aerodrome controller observes, after a take-off or landing clearance has been issued, any obstruction on the runway, such as runway incursion by an aircraft or vehicle, or animals or flocks of birds on the runway, appropriate action shall be taken:

1. in all cases inform the aircraft concerned of the obstruction and its location on the runway;

2. cancel the take-off clearance for an aircraft which has not started to roll;

3. instruct a landing aircraft to go around,

b) Why is it important to have sophisticated equipment at the working place?

There should be mentioned:

- more precise and detailed data concerning traffic,

- increased controller efficiency,

- reduced voice radio channel congestion, and

- fewer controller/pilot communication errors,

- datalinks present controllers and pilots with a new, faster means of sharing pertinent information,

- increased airport and airway capacity,

- increased efficiency in using airspace.