17. A) Application procedures of Radar information by Tower controller (relating to local conditions).

Radar information may be used in the provision of aerodrome control service to perform the following function:

- radar monitoring of aircraft on final approach;

- radar monitoring of other aircraft in the vicinity of an aerodrome;

- establishing radar separation between departing and arriving aircraft;

- providing navigation assistance for VFR flights.

b) What should a controller expect and remember in case of gear problems?

Expect:

- Manual gear extension, specialist advice may be required.

- Low pass of tower for gear inspection by specialist engineering personnel.

- No gear or only partial gear deployment.

- Runway blocked after landing.

- The aircraft may skid off the runway.

- Taxiway may be blocked after clearing runway.

- Go around

- Missed approach procedure should be followed.

Remember:

- Follow the ASSIST code of practice

A ‘Acknowledge’ – S ‘Separate’ – S ‘Silence’ – I ‘Inform’ – S ‘Support’ – T ‘Time’

- Clear the runway according to local instructions.

- Keep the safety strip clear.

- Check if the towing equipment is on standby.

ATC should also prepare for a LOW PASS of the aircraft to allow a visual inspection of the landing gear and the area around it.

- Technical assistance will be required e.g. a specialist engineer or another pilot.

- If dusk is approaching, the visual inspection should be arranged urgently.

- If visibility is bad, the observer should be at the side of the runway.

- If fog prevents visual checking from the ground, observation may be arranged from another aircraft.

If needed:

(This section applies particularly to light aircraft where the pilot may be inexperienced. Commercial pilots will usually already be familiar with these procedures.)

Assist by informing the pilot about:

In case of a manual gear extension not working, the pilot could attempt a g-load-extension whereby a sharp change in altitude is used to force the gear down.

Retracting the gear is impossible after a manual gear release so extra drag should be factored into any ATC calculations.

Having consulted with a specialist engineer, inform the pilot about the aircraft configuration, e.g. gear appears down / gear doors closed.

The pilot could check the bulbs are working on the gear extension indicator. Has the pilot contacted maintenance?

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The undercarriage or landing gear is the structure that supports an aircraft on the ground and allows it to taxi, takeoff and land. Gear problems are connected with tire blow out, wheel well fire, jammed gear, no gear indication, unlocked or not retracted gear, flames coming from gear, hydraulic troubles, and brake difficulties. A belly landing or gear-up landing is when an aircraft lands with its landing gear in up position.

18. A) Application procedures of ground movement Radar Control (if such equipment available).

Surface movement Radar systems shall enable the detection and display of the movement of all aircraft and vehicles on the maneuvering area in a clear manner.

The use of SMR should be related to the operational conditions and requirements of the particular aerodrome (i.e. visibility conditions, traffic density and aerodrome layout). SMR should be used to augment visual observation of traffic on the MA and to provide surveillance of traffic on those parts of the MA which cannot be observed visually.

The information displayed on an SMR display may be used to assist in:

• monitoring of an aircraft and vehicles on the MA for compliance with clearances and instructions;

• determining that a RW is clear of traffic prior to landing or take off;

• providing information on essential local traffic on or near the MA;

• determining the location of aircraft and vehicles on the MA ;

• providing directional taxi information to aircraft when requested by the pilot or considered necessary by the controller;

• providing assistance and advice to emergency vehicle.

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Ground Movement Radar is called to help the air traffic controller of the aerodrome control tower to control the movement of aircraft and vehicles on the manoeuvring area of the aerodrome. This radar is used if it is impossible for the air traffic controller to control taxiing of aircraft visually or if visual contact is not available (in cases of low visibility).

b) What kind of information shall a flight plan contain?

Flight plan is a special document. A pilot can’t fly without it. A lot of important and necessary information is in it. Flight plan contains aircraft callsign, type of aircraft route of flight, number of passengers, assigned flight level, point of destination, alternatives, endurance, the significant reporting points and zones along the route, FL changes, the duration of flight, aircraft equipment, purpose of flight and some other information.