13. A) Minima separation when Aerodrome Control Service provided.

There are several kinds of separation between aircraft using the same runway:

• between arriving aircraft and between arriving and departing aircraft longitudinal separation is used:

- H-H (heavy after heavy) – 8km;

- M-H and L-M – 10km;

- L-H – 12km;

- L-L – 6km.

In all other cases – 6 km.

• Between departing aircraft time separation is used:

- H-H – 1 min;

- M-H and L-M – 2 min;

- L-H – 3 min;

- L-L – 1 min.

In all other cases 1 min.

When the flight is operating below altitude 1700m distance separation 12, 10, 8, 6 km between aircraft has to be provided. In case when aircraft intends to depart not from the beginning of the runway after already departed aircraft separation has to be 3 minutes.

b) Communication failure. What is it?

If the aircraft cannot establish communication on the primary frequency, it should try to do that on the secondary and nearly ones and through aircraft - retransmits.

If he is unable to contact again, it means communication failure. The pilot should start his transmissions with the phrase “transmitting blind” and repeat his message twice on the primary and secondary frequencies. In case of communication failure a pilot can transmit but not receive messages, receive but not transmit messages, send carrier waves only.

14. A) Separation between aircraft using single (the same) rw.

There are three types of aircraft:

• heavy aircraft (H) - > 136 tones;

• middle aircraft (M) – 7-136 tones:

• light aircraft (L) - < 7 tones.

There are several kinds of separation between aircraft using the same runway:

• between arriving aircraft and between arriving and departing aircraft longitudinal separation is used:

- H-H (heavy after heavy) – 8km;

- M-H and L-M – 10km;

- L-H – 12km;

- L-L – 6km.

In all other cases – 6 km.

• Between departing aircraft time separation is used:

- H-H – 1 min;

- M-H and L-M – 2 min;

- L-H – 3 min;

- L-L – 1 min.

In all other cases 1 min.

In case when ‘M’ aircraft is going to depart after ‘H’ aircraft not from the beginning of the runway separation has to be 3 minutes also. Wake turbulence categories of aircraft and longitudinal separation minima shall be taken into consideration. Wake turbulence separation minima are based on aircraft types into three categories according to the maximum certificated takeoff mass as follows: H, M, L.

b) Why is it necessary for people to study foreign languages?

Some people learn languages because they need them for their work, others travel abroad, for the third studying languages is a hobby.

Everyone, who knows foreign languages can speak to people from other countries, read foreign writers in the original, which makes his outlook wider.

English is very important to find a good job. People, who know foreign languages, are necessary for the development of the techniques, economy and arts in the modern society. Most of scientific magazines in the world are published in English. It is impossible to be a good scientist without knowing this language.

A person, who learns a foreign language, at the same time gets acquainted with the culture of the country, its literature, history and geography.

Besides, a foreign language helps to know the native language better.

It helps us to develop friendship and understanding among people.