19. A) Procedures of aerodrome traffic (vehicles) and people control in the manoeuvring area.

The aerodrome control tower is responsible for movements of pedestrians and vehicles on the manoeuvring area. Persons, including drivers of all vehicles shall obtain the clearance from the aerodrome control tower before entry the manoeuvring area.

All vehicles and pedestrians shall give way to the aircraft which are landing, taxiing or taking off, except those emergency vehicles which are proceeding to help an aircraft in distress. They have priority of all over surface movement traffic.

When the aircraft is landing or taking off, vehicles shall not be permitted to hold closer to the runway-in-use than:

- at the taxiway/runway intersection or runway holding position;

- at the location other than the taxiway/runway intersection.

b) What do you know about ICAO language proficiency requirements?

20. A) Information related to aerodrome conditions.

Essential information on aerodrome conditions is information necessary to safety in the operation of aircraft, which pertains to the movement area or any facilities associated there with.

Essential information on aerodrome conditions shall include information relating to the following:

1. construction or maintenance work on, or immediately adjacent to the movement area;

2. rough or broken surfaces on a runway, a taxiway or an apron, whether marked or not;

3. snow, slush or ice on a runway, a taxiway or an apron;

4. water on a runway, a taxiway or an apron;

5. snow banks or drifts adjacent to a runway, a taxiway or an apron;

6. other temporary hazards, including parked aircraft and birds on the ground or in the air;

7. failure or irregular operation of part or all of the aerodrome lighting system;

any other pertinent information.

b) How do you understand “Human factor”?

Human Factors is a technology that deals with people: it is about people in their working and living environments and it is about their relationship with machines, equipment and procedures. Just as important, it is about their relationship with each other as individuals and in groups. It involves the over-all performance of human beings within the aviation system. Human Factors seeks to optimize the performance of people by the systematic application of the human sciences, often integrated within the framework of system engineering. Its twin objectives can be seen as safety and efficiency.

Human Factors has come to be concerned with diverse elements in the aviation system. These include human behaviour; decision-making and other cognitive processes; the design of controls and displays; flight deck and cabin layouts; air traffic control display systems; communication and software aspects of computers; maps, charts and documentation; as well as training.

In spite of the reliance on the academic sources of information, aviation Human Factors is primarily oriented toward solving practical problems in the real world. There are a growing number of integrated Human Factors techniques or methods; these varied and developing techniques can be applied to problems as diverse as accidents investigation and the optimization of personnel training.

Human Factors applies knowledge of how human beings perceive, sense, learn, understand, interpret, process, remember and use information, and also applies knowledge of how to measure human performance and its effects within a functioning system. Human Factors examines the many ways in which the controller and the system can affect each other, and helps to reveal whether the main influence on events in the structure of ATC system or the actions of individual controllers. Human Factors knowledge is applied to ATC to understand and quantify the interactions between the system and the human. It is used to guide how each other and to suggest how human and system requirements that may appear to differ can nevertheless all be met, so that ATC efficiency and safety are optimized without harm to the controller.

The aim of Human Factors in ATC is to match human capabilities and limitations with the specifications and design of the ATC system. This matching of human and system is an active process, the achievement of which may imply changes in either or both. Successful matching requires the correct application of the extensive Human Factors data available.

Despite rapid gains in technology, humans are ultimately responsible for ensuring the success and safety of the aviation industry. They must continue to be knowledgeable, flexible, dedicated, and efficient while exercising good judgment.

Human factor in aviation means "human error" factor involved in an aviation accident, crash; as opposed to failure of mechanical, electrical, other equipment. Human error is responsible for at least 30% of aviation accidents. This essay examines some of the human variables: pilot error and fatigue, air-traffic controller problems, unruly passengers and inadequate training. Far too many accidents and problems in aviation are due to human error. This goes beyond pilot error. Sometimes it can be a mechanic leaving a tool in the cowl of an engine. It can be a problem with air traffic controllers or even unruly passengers.