Modal verbs: should and would
Ex. 8. Match the English sentences with their Ukrainian equivalents. Try to memorize when would is used as a modal verb:
1. He would do it. 2. He wouldn't say where he had picked up the information. 3. That would be her car. 4. Would you please help us? 5. He would sooner die than ask their pardon.
1. Чи не могли б ви допомогти нам? (ввічливе прохання). 2. Він скоріш помре, ніж попросить у них вибачення (віддавати перевагу чомусь). 3. Це, мабуть, її машина (ймовірність). 4. Він дійсно хотів зробити це (наполягання). 5. Він нізащо не хотів говорити, звідки він про це дізнався (бажання).
Ex. 9. Translate the following sentences:
1. A person who was in contact with cholera should be vaccinated. 2. Would you order some medicines for me? 3. You should consult a doctor if the drugs caused any unwanted effects. 4. Now would you like to sit up and I’ll take your blood pressure? 5. The patient should be given an X-ray. 6. She would do a thing like that. She is always borrowing things without asking.
Ex. 10. Put sentences negative and interrogative as in a model:
MODEL:
You should shake the bottle before use.
You shouldn’t shake the bottle before use.
Should I shake the bottle before use?
1. You should take the drug after meals. 2. You should take the drug on an empty stomach. 3. You should keep this medicine in the fridge. 4. You should rub this ointment into the skin. 5. You should eat high-calorie food with limited liquid and salt. 6. You should chew these tablets before swallowing. 7. You should try to do these exercises three times a day, preferably on an empty stomach.
Reading and developing speaking skills
Ex. 11. Read VOCABULARY and memorize new words.
Ex. 12. Insert the missing letters and translate the following words:
Prote_n; po_e; cap_ble; deox_ribonucleic; proce_d; hered_tary; nu_leus; compa_tment; ori_inate; disp_rse; c_tosol; carbo_ydrate; osteocl_st; fu_e; b_und; stra_d; en_lose; ribon_cleic; sur_ound; s_pport; f_ber.
Ex. 13. Read the following words and word-combinations:
Substance; originate; variety; plasma; protein fiber; extracellular; nucleus; cycle; osteoclast; deoxyribonucleic acid; throughout; hereditary; cytoplasm; cytosol; organelle; particular function; manufacture; to separate; unique.
Ex. 14. Read the following text:
CELL
A cell is the structural and functional unit of living organism. Trillions of cells and the substances between them compose the human body. Every cell contains water, protein, carbohydrates, acids, fats, and minerals. All human cells originate from a single fertilized egg, and as differentiation proceeds during embryonic development. Cells specialize and give rise to a wide variety of cell types such as nerve, muscle, bone, fat, and blood cells.
The plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm compose the cell.
The plasma or cell membrane is the outer component of a cell. The plasma membrane consists primarily of lipids and proteins and small amounts of carbohydrates. Substances outside the plasma membrane are extracellular or intercellular, and substances inside it are intracellular. The functions of the plasma membrane are to enclose and support the cell contents and to determine what moves into and out of the cell.
The nucleus is a large membrane-bound structure usually located near the center of the cell. All cells of the body have a nucleus at some point in their life cycle, although some cells such as red blood cells lose their nuclei as they develop. Other cells, such as osteoclasts and skeletal muscle cells, contain more than one nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of two membranes separated by a space. At many points on the surface of the nuclear envelope the inner and outer membranes fuse to form pore-like structures, the nuclear pores. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and associated proteins are dispersed throughout the nucleus as thin strands (23 pairs of chromosomes) approximately 4 to 5 nm in diameter. DNA is the hereditary material of the cell. It controls the activities of the cell through ribonucleic acid (RNA). The nucleus directs the cell’s activities.
Cytoplasm, the cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane, is approximately half cytosol and half organelles. Cytosol consists of a fluid portion, a cytoskeleton, and cytoplasmic inclusions. The cytoskeleton supports the cell and enables cell movements. It consists of protein fibers. Organelles are small structures within cells and are specialized for particular functions such as manufacturing proteins or producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Most organelles have membranes that are similar to the plasma membrane. The membranes separate the organelles from the rest of the cytoplasm, creating a subcellular compartment with its own enzymes and capable of carrying out its own unique chemical reactions. The nucleus is an example of an organelle. Mitochondria are small bodies, produce energy in the cell. Endoplasmic reticulum is a series of canals within the cell. Some canals contain small bodies called ribosomes. They help make substances for the cell.
Diagram of a Typical Cell.
Organelles: (1) nucleolus; (2) nucleus; (3) ribosome; (4) vesicle; (5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER); (6) Golgi apparatus; (7) Cytoskeleton; (8) smooth ER; (9) mitochondria; (10) vacuole; (11) cytoplasm; (12) lysosome; (13) centrioles
Ex. 15. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
Функціональна одиниця; ембріональний розвиток; ядро (клітини); брати початок, походити, виникати; цитозоль; оточувати; дезоксирібонуклеїновий; розповсюджувати; білок, протеїн; вуглевод; волокно; остеокласт, остеокластоцит; відділення; молекулярний ланцюжок; об'єднувати(ся); обмежувати, ставити межу, стримувати; спадковий.
Ex. 16. Translate the text "Cell".
Ex. 17. Answer the questions:
1. What is the cell? 2. What do all human cells originate from? 3. What is the cell composed of? 4. What is cell membrane? 5. What is the cell membrane composed of? 6. What is the nucleus? 7. What is nucleus surrounded by? 8. What is cytoplasm? 9. What does cytosol consist of? 10. What are organelles?