- •I.В. Знаменська
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Hippocratic oath
- •Unit 1 lesson 1
- •Vocabulary
- •Phonetics
- •Grammar:
- •(Interrogative Form)
- •(Negative Form)
- •To have
- •Pronoun
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •I am a medical student
- •Personal Information Sheet
- •1. Tell your fellow-students about yourself.
- •2. Describe your family to your new friend.
- •3. Show a friend your family album and answer all his/her questions.
- •Ex. 38. You want to get some information about your patient. Ask him/her questions using the expressions of 36thexercise. Overview
- •Lesson 2
- •Vocabulary
- •Phonetics
- •Grammar: word order in a statement
- •Article
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ukrainian medical stomatological academy
- •Medical university
- •Overview
- •Lesson 3
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Vowels (голосні)
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Medical education in ukraine
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •(Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Medical education in the usa
- •Medical education in the united kingdom
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of the verb
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Profession of the physician
- •How often should I consult my physician
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 9. What famous physicians of the present do you know? What field of medicine do they work in?
- •Prominent scientists and physicians of ukraine
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Affirmative Form, Active Voice)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Public health service in ukraine
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •National health service in the united kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Interrogative Form, Active Voice) General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Polyclinic
- •Overview
- •Medical examination
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 7. Read vocabulary and memorize new words. Ex. 8. Compose 5-6 sentences using the words of the vocabulary
- •At the therapeutist's
- •Overview
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Open conditionals
- •Numeral
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Hospital
- •Ex. 19. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •At the physician's
- •1. In what order you might ask these questions; 2. In what form you might ask them:
- •Overview
- •Lesson 13
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Modal verbs
- •Equivalents of the modal verbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Chemist’s shop
- •Your home medicine chest
- •Overview
- •I. Insert the missing words:
- •II. Finish the following sentences:
- •III. Choose the proper term given below to the following definitions:
- •IV. Read and translate one of the following texts:
- •Galen (philosopher, physician, discoverer of blood and the cranial nerves)
- •World health organization
- •V. Speak on the following topics:
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Passive voice:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Body regions
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Passive Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 8. Insert the missing letters and translate the following words:
- •Ex. 12. Read the following text: trunk
- •Body cavities
- •Directional terms for humans
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Lesson 18
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Active Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Modal verbs: should and would
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 18. Do you agree, disagree or partially agree with the statements below:
- •Cell division
- •Ex. 25. Answer the following questions:
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Reading and developing speaking
- •Tissues
- •Classification of Epithelium
- •Tissues and organs
- •Functions and Location of Tissues.
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking
- •Organ systems
- •Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Participle I (v4)
- •Continuous tenses (Active Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Reading and developing skills
- •Skeleton
- •Ex. 26. Read the following words and try to memorize them:
- •Bone's structure
- •Overview
- •Lesson 22
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains
- •Fractures
- •Dislocations
- •Sprains
- •Strains
- •The signs of fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains
- •Ex. 11. What types of dislocations and fractures do you know? Can you explain the meaning of the following terms:
- •Types of fractures
- •First aid
- •At the traumatologist’s
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Continuous tenses (Active Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Muscles
- •Ex. 23. Make up a detailed plan of the text "Muscles".
- •Ex. 26. Read the following text and answer the question: Is the body-building useful for modern people? body-building
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 1. Insert the missing letters:
- •Emergency care of wounds
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Continuous tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Indefinite pronouns and adverbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Digestive system
- •Portions of the digestive system
- •Gallbladder
- •Pancreas
- •Large intestine
- •The alimentary tract
- •At the gastroenterologist’s
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Stomach
- •Stomach functions
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 28
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
- •Ex. 14. Answer the following questions:
- •Formed elements of the blood
- •Platelets
- •Leukocytes
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses
- •(Passive Voice)
- •(Revision)
- •Object clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Blood groups
- •Ex. 19. Find the corresponding Ukrainian equivalents for the English terms:
- •Ex. 20. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:
- •Ex. 21. Read the following text: blood transfusion
- •Summary
- •І. Головна тема чи проблема:
- •Іі. Мета вивчення:
- •Ііі. Зазначення основних положень:
- •IV. Применение на практике
- •V. Висновки та результати:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Attributive clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Suggestions for useful phrases:
- •Ex. 27. Translate the following interrogative sentences into English:
- •Heart chambers
- •Vessels
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Adverbial clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Blood vessels
- •General features of blood vessel structure
- •Lesson 32
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: subordinate clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •The cardiac cycle
- •At the cardiologist’s
- •Overview
- •Lesson 33
- •II. Insert the correct form of the verb:
- •III. Translate the following sentences:
- •IV. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a disorders of the heart and blood vessels
- •Text b atherosclerosis
- •Text c leukemia
- •Text d digestive system
- •Peptic ulcer
- •Text f gastritis
- •V. Speak on the following topics:
- •Appendix 1
- •Irregular verbs
- •Appendix 2 suffixes and term-elements
- •Term elements of greek and latin origin greek, latin, english and ukrainian equivalents
- •Короткий довідник з правил словотворення
- •Найуживаніші суфікси англійської мови:
- •Основні префікси:
- •Practical grammar guide
- •(Короткий граматичний довідник)
- •Іменник
- •(Cases)
- •Артикль (article)
- •Займенники (pronouns)
- •Прикметник (adjective)
- •Найвищий ступінь порівняння прикметників (Superlative Degree)
- •Порядок слів у реченні.
- •Побудова розповідних і питальних речень
- •Способи визначення присудка в англійському реченні
- •Неозначено-особові речення
- •Безособові речення.
- •Форми дієслова forms of the verb
- •Часи групи simple (indefinite) present simple
- •Past simple
- •Future simple
- •Simple tenses
- •Часи групи continuous
- •Present continuous
- •Past continuous
- •Future continuous
- •Continuous tenses
- •Perfect tenses
- •Present perfect
- •Past perfect
- •Future perfect
- •Perfect tenses
- •Стан дієслова
- •Passive voice
- •Зведена таблиця часів стверджувальної форми
- •Зведена таблиця питальної форми
- •Interrogative form
- •Дієслова to be та to have
- •Ознаки функціональної відмінності дієслова to be
- •Модальні дієслова (modal verbs)
- •Модальне дієслово can
- •Модальне дієслово could
- •Модальне дієслово may
- •Модальне дієслово must
- •Ознаки розпізнавання граматичних форм, утворених за допомогою допоміжних дієслів should I would
- •Підрядні додаткові та означальні речення (object clauses)
- •Виділення членів речення за допомогою підсилювальної конструкції it is (was, will be) ... That (who, which)
- •Умовний спосіб
- •(Infinitive)
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (Objective Infinitive Construction)
- •Дієприкметник
- •Об’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс (Objective Participle Construction)
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street. – я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці. Герундій (gerund)
- •Форми герундія
- •Герундіальний комплекс (зворот) (Gerund Construction)
- •Узгодження часів у підрядному додатковому реченні
- •Vocabulary список використаної літератури
- •І.В. Знаменська о.О. Пісоцька в.Г. Костенко
Reading and developing skills
Ex. 12. Read VOCABULARY and memorize new words.
Ex. 13. Insert the missing letters:
Vert_bra, pe_mit, pr_tect, colum_, va_lt; _oracic, supp_rt, stern_m; ti_ia, man_brium, sca_ula, tou_h, c_bital joint, xiph_id process, _lna, ra_ius, hu_erus, carp_l bone, clavi_le, sa_rum, cox_, f_mur, fibu_a, arti_ulate.
Ex. 14. CROSSWORD (find key word “coccyx”):
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
черепний
грудний
крижі
шийний
здатність, уміння
6. грудна клітка
Ex. 15. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
Cranial vault; carpal; sacral; cervical; lumbar; vertebral column; thoracic cage; pectoral girdle; pelvic girdle; spinal cord; shoulder blade; collar bone; metatarsal bone; tarsal bone; ulna; radius; xiphoid process; fuse; coccygeal; vertebra; protect; sacrum; ilium; sternum.
Ex. 16. Read the following words and word-combinations:
Average; decrease; fuse; skull; vertebra; column; vault; auditory ossicle; thoracic; lumbar; support; major; muscle; sternum; xiphoid process; limb; touch; humerus; cubital joint; ulna; radius; carpal bone; girdle; scapula; clavicle; sacrum; coxa; femur; tibia; patella; fibula; articulate; tarsal bones.
Ex. 17. Read the following text:
Skeleton
At present we are preparing for our classes in Anatomy. As medical students we must have deep knowledge on this subject. I am reading the chapter considering the structure and functions of skeletal system. My fellow-student is making notes of the material on the bone shape and bone ossification. The following material must help us to prepare for our classes in Anatomy.
There are 206 bones in the average adult skeleton, although the actual number varies from person to person and decreases with the age as some bones become fused.
The skeleton is divided into the skull, vertebral (spinal) column, thoracic cage, upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the body.
The skull is composed of 28 bones. These bones are organized into cranial vault, facial bones, and auditory ossicles.
The vertebral column usually consists of 33-34 bones. They are divided into five regions. There are 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae, and 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae. The vertebral column performs some major functions: it supports the weight of the head and trunk, it protects the spinal cord, it provides a site for muscle attachment, and it permits movement of the head and trunk.
The thoracic cage, or rib cage, protects the internal organs within the thorax. It consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs with their associated costal (rib) cartilages, and the sternum (breastbone). Each rib consists of the head, the neck, and the body. Twelve pairs of ribs attach to the thoracic vertebrae. The sternum, or breastbone, is composed of the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.
The human upper limb is capable of a wide range of movements, including lifting, grasping, and touching. The arm (the portion of the upper limb from the shoulder to the elbow) contains only one bone, the humerus. Between the arm and forearm there is a cubital (elbow) joint. The forearm has 2 bones, the ulna on the medial side of the forearm and the radius on the lateral side of the forearm. The wrist is a relatively short region between the forearm and hand and is composed of 8 carpal bones. The hand consists of five metacarpal bones. The pectoral, or shoulder, girdle attaches the upper limb to the body. It consists of two bones: the scapula, or shoulder blade, and the clavicle, or collar bone.
The lower limb is very similar to that of the upper limb, except the pelvic girdle. It is attached much more firmly the body than is the pectoral girdle. The bones in general are thicker, heavier, and longer than those of the upper limb. The pelvic girdle supports the weight of the body and protects internal organs. The male pelvis usually is more massive than the female pelvis as a result of the greater weight and size of the male. Pelvic girdle is formed by the sacrum and paired bones, called the coxae, or hip bones. The thigh contains a single bone, the femur, which has a prominent rounded head. The femur articulates with the coxa, the tibia, and the patella. The knee joint is a joint located between the femur and the tibia. The leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle) consists of the two bones, the tibia and the fibula. The tibia supports most of the weight of the leg. The fibula doesn't articulate with the femur but has a small proximal head where it articulates with the tibia. The ankle consists of seven tarsal bones. The ankle is relatively much larger than the wrist. The foot consists of five metatarsal bones.
Ex. 18. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
З’єднувати; сполучати, шарнірно; палець; фаланга; плечова кістка; відрізнятися; ключиця; дозволяти, давати можливість; реберний; великогомілкова кістка; наколінок; сіднична кістка; малогомілкова кістка; кульша; хребець; шийний; грудина; ребро.
Human Skeleton
Ex. 19. Translate the text "Skeleton" into Ukrainian.
Ex. 20. Complete the following sentences:
1. Approximately 206 bones _ in the adult skeleton. 2. The _ is divided into the skull, vertebral (spinal) column, thoracic cage, upper and lower limbs and the girdles. 3. The skull _ of 28 bones. 4. They are divided into _, facial bones and auditory ossicles. 5. The bones of vertebral column are cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, _ vertebrae, sacral bone, and coccygeal bone. 6. The vertebral column _ the weight of the head and trunk, protects the spinal cord, and _ movement of the head and trunk. 7. The thoracic cage protects the _ organs. 8. It consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, and the _ . 9. The upper limb consists of the humerus, _ joint, the ulna, and the radius. 10. The five _ of each hand include one thumb and four fingers. 11. Each digit consists of small long bones called _. 12. Each finger has 3 phalanges, and the thumb _ two ones. 13. The pelvic _ supports the weight of the body. 14. The thigh contains the _. 15. The knee is the _ located between the femur and the tibia. 16. The leg consists of the _ and the fibula. 17. The ankle consists of _ bones. 18. Each _ is formed by the fusion of the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis. 19. The toes of lower limb have three phalanges each except for the big _, which has two phalanges.
Ex. 21. Answer the following questions:
1. What parts is the skeleton divided into? 2. What portions does the skull consist of? 3. What is the vertebral column composed of? 4. What are the functions of the vertebral column? 5. What is the major function of the thoracic cage? 6. What does the thoracic cage consist of? 7. What is the upper limb capable of? 8. What bones are in the upper limb? 9. What are the bones of the lower limb?
Ex. 22. Using the data of the table speak on the anatomy of the skeleton:
Vertebral column |
cervical vertebrae; thoracic vertebrae; lumbar vertebrae; sacral bone; coccygeal bone |
Thoracic cage |
thoracic vertebrae; costal cartilages; sternum (breastbone); manubrium; xiphoid process; ribs |
Upper limb |
pectoral girdle; humerus; cubital joint; ulna; radius; carpal bones; metacarpal bones |
Lower limb |
pelvic girdle; femur; tibia; patella; fibula; tarsal bones; metatarsal bones |
Ex. 23. Read the following abstract and retell it:
The skeleton consists of the skull, the spine, the ribs, the sternum (breastbone), two limb girdles (the shoulders and pelvis) and their attached limb bones. There are only minor differences between the skeletons of the male and the female: the men's bones tend to be larger and heavier than corresponding women's bones and the women's pelvic cavity is wider to accommodate childbirth. The skeleton plays an important part in movement. It also supports and protects the internal body organs. The skeleton is not just a movable frame, however; it is an efficient factory, which produces red blood cells from the bone marrow of certain bones and white cells from the marrow of other bones to destroy harmful bacteria. The bones are also a storehouse for minerals – calcium, for example – which can be supplied to other parts of the body. Babies are born with 270 soft bones – about 64 more than an adult; and many of these will fuse together by the age of twenty or twenty-five into the 206 hard, permanent bones.
Ex. 24. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Скелет дорослої людини складається приблизно з 206 кісток. 2. Скелет складається з черепа, хребетного стовпа, грудної клітки та верхніх і нижніх кінцівок. 3. Склепіння черепа, лицьові кістки та слухові кісточки є кістками черепа. 4. Хребет складається з шийних, грудних, поперекових, крижових хребців та крижової кістки. 5. Хребетний стовп захищає спинний мозок. 6. Грудна клітка підтримує та захищає внутрішні органи. 7. Грудна клітка складається з грудних хребців, ребер, реберних хрящів та грудини. 8. Основна частина грудної кліткии складається з ребер. 9. Кожне ребро має голівку, шийку та тіло. 10. Грудина – це довгаста кістка всередині грудної клітини. 11. Як правило, хребець складається з тіла, дуги та відростка. 12. Верхня кінцівка складається з плечової кістки, ліктьового суглоба, ліктьової кістки та променевої кістки. 13. Зап'ясток складається з зап’ясткових кісток. 14. Кисть складається з п’яти п’ясткових кісток. 15. Тазовий пояс підтримує вагу тіла та захищає внутрішні органи від пошкоджень. 16. Коліно – це суглоб, розташований між стегном та великою гомілковою кісткою. 17. Гомілка складається з великої гомілкової кістки та малогомілкової кістки.
Ex. 25. Speak on:
The vertebral column;
The thoracic cage;
The bones of upper limb;
The bones of lower limb.