- •I.В. Знаменська
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Hippocratic oath
- •Unit 1 lesson 1
- •Vocabulary
- •Phonetics
- •Grammar:
- •(Interrogative Form)
- •(Negative Form)
- •To have
- •Pronoun
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •I am a medical student
- •Personal Information Sheet
- •1. Tell your fellow-students about yourself.
- •2. Describe your family to your new friend.
- •3. Show a friend your family album and answer all his/her questions.
- •Ex. 38. You want to get some information about your patient. Ask him/her questions using the expressions of 36thexercise. Overview
- •Lesson 2
- •Vocabulary
- •Phonetics
- •Grammar: word order in a statement
- •Article
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ukrainian medical stomatological academy
- •Medical university
- •Overview
- •Lesson 3
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Vowels (голосні)
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Medical education in ukraine
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •(Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Medical education in the usa
- •Medical education in the united kingdom
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of the verb
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Profession of the physician
- •How often should I consult my physician
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 9. What famous physicians of the present do you know? What field of medicine do they work in?
- •Prominent scientists and physicians of ukraine
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Affirmative Form, Active Voice)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Public health service in ukraine
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •National health service in the united kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Interrogative Form, Active Voice) General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Polyclinic
- •Overview
- •Medical examination
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 7. Read vocabulary and memorize new words. Ex. 8. Compose 5-6 sentences using the words of the vocabulary
- •At the therapeutist's
- •Overview
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Open conditionals
- •Numeral
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Hospital
- •Ex. 19. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •At the physician's
- •1. In what order you might ask these questions; 2. In what form you might ask them:
- •Overview
- •Lesson 13
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Modal verbs
- •Equivalents of the modal verbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Chemist’s shop
- •Your home medicine chest
- •Overview
- •I. Insert the missing words:
- •II. Finish the following sentences:
- •III. Choose the proper term given below to the following definitions:
- •IV. Read and translate one of the following texts:
- •Galen (philosopher, physician, discoverer of blood and the cranial nerves)
- •World health organization
- •V. Speak on the following topics:
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Passive voice:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Body regions
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Passive Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 8. Insert the missing letters and translate the following words:
- •Ex. 12. Read the following text: trunk
- •Body cavities
- •Directional terms for humans
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Lesson 18
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Active Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Modal verbs: should and would
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 18. Do you agree, disagree or partially agree with the statements below:
- •Cell division
- •Ex. 25. Answer the following questions:
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Reading and developing speaking
- •Tissues
- •Classification of Epithelium
- •Tissues and organs
- •Functions and Location of Tissues.
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking
- •Organ systems
- •Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Participle I (v4)
- •Continuous tenses (Active Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Reading and developing skills
- •Skeleton
- •Ex. 26. Read the following words and try to memorize them:
- •Bone's structure
- •Overview
- •Lesson 22
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains
- •Fractures
- •Dislocations
- •Sprains
- •Strains
- •The signs of fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains
- •Ex. 11. What types of dislocations and fractures do you know? Can you explain the meaning of the following terms:
- •Types of fractures
- •First aid
- •At the traumatologist’s
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Continuous tenses (Active Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Muscles
- •Ex. 23. Make up a detailed plan of the text "Muscles".
- •Ex. 26. Read the following text and answer the question: Is the body-building useful for modern people? body-building
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 1. Insert the missing letters:
- •Emergency care of wounds
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Continuous tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Indefinite pronouns and adverbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Digestive system
- •Portions of the digestive system
- •Gallbladder
- •Pancreas
- •Large intestine
- •The alimentary tract
- •At the gastroenterologist’s
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Stomach
- •Stomach functions
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 28
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
- •Ex. 14. Answer the following questions:
- •Formed elements of the blood
- •Platelets
- •Leukocytes
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses
- •(Passive Voice)
- •(Revision)
- •Object clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Blood groups
- •Ex. 19. Find the corresponding Ukrainian equivalents for the English terms:
- •Ex. 20. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:
- •Ex. 21. Read the following text: blood transfusion
- •Summary
- •І. Головна тема чи проблема:
- •Іі. Мета вивчення:
- •Ііі. Зазначення основних положень:
- •IV. Применение на практике
- •V. Висновки та результати:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Attributive clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Suggestions for useful phrases:
- •Ex. 27. Translate the following interrogative sentences into English:
- •Heart chambers
- •Vessels
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Adverbial clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Blood vessels
- •General features of blood vessel structure
- •Lesson 32
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: subordinate clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •The cardiac cycle
- •At the cardiologist’s
- •Overview
- •Lesson 33
- •II. Insert the correct form of the verb:
- •III. Translate the following sentences:
- •IV. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a disorders of the heart and blood vessels
- •Text b atherosclerosis
- •Text c leukemia
- •Text d digestive system
- •Peptic ulcer
- •Text f gastritis
- •V. Speak on the following topics:
- •Appendix 1
- •Irregular verbs
- •Appendix 2 suffixes and term-elements
- •Term elements of greek and latin origin greek, latin, english and ukrainian equivalents
- •Короткий довідник з правил словотворення
- •Найуживаніші суфікси англійської мови:
- •Основні префікси:
- •Practical grammar guide
- •(Короткий граматичний довідник)
- •Іменник
- •(Cases)
- •Артикль (article)
- •Займенники (pronouns)
- •Прикметник (adjective)
- •Найвищий ступінь порівняння прикметників (Superlative Degree)
- •Порядок слів у реченні.
- •Побудова розповідних і питальних речень
- •Способи визначення присудка в англійському реченні
- •Неозначено-особові речення
- •Безособові речення.
- •Форми дієслова forms of the verb
- •Часи групи simple (indefinite) present simple
- •Past simple
- •Future simple
- •Simple tenses
- •Часи групи continuous
- •Present continuous
- •Past continuous
- •Future continuous
- •Continuous tenses
- •Perfect tenses
- •Present perfect
- •Past perfect
- •Future perfect
- •Perfect tenses
- •Стан дієслова
- •Passive voice
- •Зведена таблиця часів стверджувальної форми
- •Зведена таблиця питальної форми
- •Interrogative form
- •Дієслова to be та to have
- •Ознаки функціональної відмінності дієслова to be
- •Модальні дієслова (modal verbs)
- •Модальне дієслово can
- •Модальне дієслово could
- •Модальне дієслово may
- •Модальне дієслово must
- •Ознаки розпізнавання граматичних форм, утворених за допомогою допоміжних дієслів should I would
- •Підрядні додаткові та означальні речення (object clauses)
- •Виділення членів речення за допомогою підсилювальної конструкції it is (was, will be) ... That (who, which)
- •Умовний спосіб
- •(Infinitive)
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (Objective Infinitive Construction)
- •Дієприкметник
- •Об’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс (Objective Participle Construction)
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street. – я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці. Герундій (gerund)
- •Форми герундія
- •Герундіальний комплекс (зворот) (Gerund Construction)
- •Узгодження часів у підрядному додатковому реченні
- •Vocabulary список використаної літератури
- •І.В. Знаменська о.О. Пісоцька в.Г. Костенко
Reading and developing speaking skills
Ex. 9. Read VOCABULARY and memorize new words.
Ex. 10. Insert the missing letters:
M_ocardium; pulm_nary; m_scle, blo_d; ch_mber; ve_tricle; tr_cuspid; separ_te; flo_; ox_gen; tis_ue.
Ex. 11. Read and translate the following words and word-combinations:
1. chamber ['CeImbq]: to consist of two chambers; the right atrium and the right ventricle are in the right chamber; the left atrium and the left ventricle are in the left chamber; each of the chambers has two connected parts; within the heart chambers.
2. pump [pAmp]: the heart is a pump; the heart pumps the blood; to pump arterial blood into the aorta; to pump blood through vessels; to serve as the main pump.
3. ventricle ['ventrIkl]: at the entrance to the left ventricle; walls of the left ventricle; the right ventricle has thick walls; the role of ventricles; between ventricles; the interventricular septum; this septum is between the left and the right ventricles.
4. atrium ['xtrIqm]: the valves of the atrium; the upper chamber is called an atrium; the walls of the left atrium.
5. blood [blAd]: the circulation of blood; the flow of blood; to send the blood for analysis; to pump the blood.
Human Heart
Ex. 12. Read and translate the following sentences:
1. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the blood vessels. 2. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. 3. The heart pumped oxygen very slowly. 4. Superior vena cava brings the blood back to the heart. 5. The atrioventricular valves separate the atria from ventricles. 6. The mitral valve separates the atrium from ventricle. 7. In this case the human heart will contract very fast (rapid). 8. The heart lies in the mediastinum. 9. The aorta carries blood from the left ventricle to the body. 10. The pulmonary trunk carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. 11. The right ventricle opens into the pulmonary trunk, and the left ventricle opens into the aorta. 12. The interventricular septum separates the two ventricles. 13. Atrioventricular valves allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles. 14. Atrioventricular valves prevent blood from flowing back into the atria. 15. Blood enters the right atrium from the systemic circulation.
Ex. 13. Read the following words:
Muscle, chamber, contraction, separate, atrium, tricuspid, mitral, thoracic, valve, ventricle, circulation, beat, bicuspid, lining, septum, interventricular, atrioventricular, superior, inferior, exterior, pulmonary, myocardium, oxygen, aorta, through, blood, fibrous.
Ex. 14. Read the following text:
HEART
The heart is a hollow muscle located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. The heart is responsible for the circulation of the blood. It is known that the heart is a pump. But it is an extraordinary pump. It weighs only about a pound but the heart of a healthy 70-kg person pumps about 7200 L of blood each day at rate of 5 L per minute. If the heart loses its ability to pump blood for even a few minutes, the life of the individual is in danger.
The heart actually has two pumps. Each pump consists of a pair of chambers formed by muscles. The contraction of these muscles causes the blood to be pumped. The lower chamber is called a ventricle and the upper chamber is called an atrium. The four chambers of the heart are separated by valves. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle there is a one-way valve, called the tricuspid valve. The valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle is called the mitral (or bicuspid) valve. The left ventricle is separated from the right ventricle by the interventricular septum.
Venous blood from body flows through the superior vena cava and inferior one into the right atrium, then through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve, via the pulmonary arteries, into the lungs. From the lungs, blood enters the left atrium via the pulmonary veins and flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps oxygen-enriched blood through the aortic valve into the aorta for delivery to the body’s tissues.
The tissue of the heart consists of three layers. The exterior layer is the thin epicardium. The middle layer is the myocardium, the heart muscle itself (from the Greek myofor "muscle" andkardiafor "heart"). The inner lining of the heart is the endocardium, a thin, smooth structure. The pericardium is a fibrous sac that surrounds the heart. In the space between the pericardium and the epicardium there is a small amount of fluid.
The heart rate varies depending on activity at any given moment. The control mechanism for the heart rate involves electrical impulses. One of the four chambers of the heart, the right atrium, contains a group of cells called the sinus node. The sinus node produces electrical impulses that signal the muscle of the heart to contract in the pumping cycle. When a person is at rest, the heart pumps more slowly and at a regular rate, about 60 to 80 beats per minute. When a person runs, climbs stairs, or otherwise exert yourself, the sinus node issues electrical “instructions” to increase the pace of the heart in order to provide the muscles and other tissues with the necessary additional blood and its supply of oxygen. The heart rate may increase up to 200 beats per minute if you exert yourself strenuously.
The heart rate may be affected by various factors including tobacco use, caffeine-containing foods, alcohol, and a number of drugs. In addition, the cardiac disorders may produce heart rate problems.
Ex. 15. Find in the text and read the English equivalents for:
Міжшлуночковий; клапан; тристулковий; камера; кровообіг; двостулковий; м'яз; поштовх; внутрішня оболонка серця; кровоносна судина|посудина|; кисень; фіброзний; порожнистий м'яз; між легенями; серце – це насос; нагнітати кров по судинах|посудинах|; скорочення серцевого|сердечного| м'яза; усередині|всередині| серцевих|сердечних| камер; біля входу в лівий шлуночок; складатися з двох камер; клапани передсердя; відомо, що; серце здорової людини; серце втрачає|розгублює| свою здатність|здібність| нагнітати кров; сформований м'язами; лівий шлуночок нагнітає насичену киснем кров в аорту; фіброзна сумка, яка оточує серце.
Ex. 16. Translate the text "Heart".
Ex. 17. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the heart? 2. Where is the heart located? 3. What is the heart responsible for? 4. How many beats does the heart make per minute? 5. What is the weight of it? 6. How many chambers does the heart have? 7. What is the lower chamber called? 8. What is the upper chamber called? 9. What are the four chambers of the heart separated by? 10. What is there between the right atrium and the right ventricle? 11. What is there between the left atrium and the left ventricle? 12. What septum separates the left ventricle from the right ventricle? 13. Where does venous blood flow? 14. What does the right ventricle pump blood through? 15. Where does the blood enter from the lungs? 16. What valve does the left ventricle pump oxygen-enriched blood through? 17. What layers does the heart consist of?
Ex. 18. Insert the missing prepositions (from; per; of; in; to):
1. During physical exercises the amount _ blood pumped per minute increases several times. 2. The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava carry blood _ the body to the right atrium. 3. The pericardium consists _ fibrous connective tissue. 4. Seven large veins carry blood _ the heart. 5. The heart makes from 60 to 72 beats _ minute. 6. _ some months the rate of your heartbeat will average about 83 beats per minute.
Ex. 19. Make the following sentences negative. Then give the right information.
MODEL:
The heart consists of three (four) chambers.
The heart doesn’t consist of three chambers. It consists of four chambers.
1. The muscular structure of the heart consists of atrioventricular (fibrous) bands. 2. The vascular system has three groups of arteries (vessels). 3. The vessels carrying blood to and from the tissues of the body compose the endocrine (general) system. 4. The heart contracts to pump blood through the vessels of the head (body). 5. The heart of a healthy person pumps about 7200 L of blood each month (day).
Ex. 20. Insert the missing words:
1. The heart is a hollow _ . 2. It is _ in the thoracic cavity. 3. The heart is responsible for the _ of the blood. 4. The heart is an extraordinary _ . 5. The heart makes 72 _ per minute. 6. The heart _ of four chambers. 7. Each chamber is formed by _ . 8. The _ chamber is called a ventricle and the upper _ is called an atrium. 9. The cardiac chambers are _ by valves. 10. Between the right _ and the right ventricle there is a _ valve. 11. The mitral (or bicuspid) valve _ the left atrium from the left ventricle. 12. The left ventricle is separated from the right ventricle by the _ septum. 13. The right ventricle pumps _ into the lungs. 14. From the lungs, blood enters the left _ and flows into the left _. 15. The left ventricle pumps _ blood into the aorta for delivery to the body’s _. 16. The heart is surrounded by _ .
Ex. 21. A. Try to organize the information of the text in table:
Part of the heart |
Definition |
atrium |
the upper chamber of the heart |
ventricle |
|
tricuspid valve |
|
mitral (bicuspid) valve |
|
interventricular septum |
|
epicardium |
|
myocardium |
|
endocardium |
|
B. Make up sentences using the data of table and the following model:
MODEL:
Atrium is the upper chamber. or The upper chamber is called an atrium.
Ex. 22. Insert the missing words:
|
right atrium |
… septum |
left atrium |
|
…valve |
|
HEART |
… valve | |
|
right ventricle |
|
left ventricle |
|
|
|
… septum |
|
|
Ex. 23. Read the following definitions and choose the proper terms from the box:
1. Cavities or chambers such as the upper chambers of the heart, which receive blood from veins and pass the blood to the ventricles. 2. One of two lower chambers of the heart. 3. Pertaining to the lungs. 4. Heart valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle. 5. Heart valve that allows oxygenated blood to move into the left ventricle from the left atrium and prevents the reverse flow. 6. Blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart. 7. Blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to other tissues of the body.
Pulmonary; artery; tricuspid valve; atria; ventricle; vein; mitral valve. |
Ex. 24. Do you agree, disagree or partially agree with the statements below?