Chapter III constitutions Unit 5 The History of Constitution

Before you read

Study the following definitions of CONSTITUTION. Which of them best matches your understanding of the concept?

1 A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be.

2 The body of doctrines and practices that form the fundamental organizing principle of a political state.

3 The basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people.

Text A

The Concept and History of Constitution

The idea of a constitution was first elaborated by Aristotle in his classification of governments as monarchies, tyrannies, aristocracies, oligarchies, democracies, and so on. For Aristotle, the best form of government – the best constitution – was that which combined elements of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy in such a way that the citizens of every class were enabled to enjoy their respective privileges and encouraged to exercise their respective responsibilities in the interest of the whole society.

In its wider sense, the term “constitution” means the whole scheme whereby a country is governed; and this includes much else besides law. The constitutional lawyer must constantly keep glancing backward into constitutional history; he must also keep his eye on current political practice and the day-to-day working of political institutions. In its narrower sense, “constitution” means the leading legal rules, usually collected into some document that comes to be almost venerated as “The Constitution

Vocabulary

accountability n ответственность, подотчетность

adaptability n приспособляемость, способность к приспособлению

attribute n атрибут, неотъемлемое свойство, символ, отличительная черта

branch n ветвь, отрасль, отделение; branches of government «ветви» власти

compass n предел, граница; within the compass of… в пределах…

compress v сдавливать, сжимать

conduct n поведение, руководство

convention n условность, обычай

custom n обычай, привычка

day-to-day adj повседневный

distinct adj ясный, отчетливый, определенный

elaborate v детально/тщательно разрабатывать или обдумывать, вырабатывать

electorate n избиратели

enable v давать (кому-л.) возможность или право (что-л. сделать)

encourage v вселять мужество, надежду; воодушевлять

exercise v осуществлять, применять, использовать

extralegal adj не подпадающий под действие закона, не предусмотренный законом

govern v управлять, руководить; (the) governed n те, кем управляют/руководят

government n государственная власть, правительство

grow up v создаваться, возникать (об обычаях и т.п.)

inevitable adj неизбежный, неминуемый

judge v судить, делать вывод

keep glancing backward продолжать оглядываться назад

keep one’s eye on не спускать глаз с чего-л., неотступно следить за чем-л.

legitimacy n законность (власти )

monarchy n монархия

oligarchy n олигархия

privilege n привилегия, преимущество; enjoy privilege пользоваться привилегией

provision n положение, условие (закона), постановление

representation n представительство

respective adj соответственный, соответствующий (чему-л.)

responsibility n ответственность, обязанность, обязательство

tyranny n тирания, деспотизм

venerate v чтить, преклоняться

whereby adv посредством чего, с помощью которой

worthy adj достойный, заслуживающий

Reading tasks

A Answer these questions.

1 Who was the first person to introduce the idea of a constitution?

2 What kind of government did Aristotle consider to be the best?

3 What political provisions must a true constitution contain?

4 Why is constitutional government limited?

5 What is a chief function of a constitution?

6 What does the term “constitution” mean in a narrower sense and a wider sense?

С Mark these statements T (true) or F (false) according to the information in the text.

1 The idea of a constitution was first elaborated by English philosophers.

2 People’s interests didn’t play great role in Aristotle’s view of the best form of government and the best constitution.

3 A constitution must be adaptable to changes occurring in the life of a community.

4 Accountability of those in power to an electorate is one of the necessary provisions of a constitution.

5 Division of power among distinct branches of government is unnecessary in a democratic society.

6 A constitution is a kind of scheme whereby a country is governed.

7 The constitution of any country can be compressed within the compass of one document.

B Complete the text with an appropriate preposition from the box.

above against among by for

in of on within

There are also laws which enable citizens to take legal action 1) ______ the state – against, for example, a public authority or even against the government itself. These actions are part of constitutional law.

As knowledge of the law has increased 2) ______ the general public, so have the number and range of constitutional law cases.

A constitution is the political and ideological structure 3) ______ which a system 4) ______ laws operates. Most countries have a formal written constitution describing how laws are to be made and enforced. The French Constitution, for example, sets a seven year term of office 5)_____ the president; the US Constitution sets a four year term. In Switzerland, a referendum (national vote) must be held 6) ______ any issue for which a petition signed 7) ______ 10,000 people has been gathered; in Ireland, referenda are to be used only in the case of changes in the constitution itself. 8) ______ Germany, a change in the constitution requires a special majority vote in parliament, not the simple majority necessary for other laws. Many other countries put the constitution 9) _______ other laws by making it difficult to change.

Over to you

For discussion:

Can a person or society as a whole live without any constitution? Are there any examples of this?