Vocabulary

accused n 1 обвиняемый (в преступлении); 2 подсудимый

assessor n заседатель

claimant n истец; сторона, заявляющая требование

closed session n закрытое заседание

deem v полагать, считать

defendant n 1 ответчик; 2 обвиняемый; 3 подсудимый

discretion n усмотрение

initial level n начальный уровень

legitimate interest n законный интерес

obey the law v подчиняться закону

participant n участник

plaintiff n истец

prosecutor n обвинитель

summarize v суммировать; резюмировать

try v 1 судить; 2 рассматривать (дело)

with regard to касательно; в отношении

Reading tasks

A Answer these questions.

1 What courts of the subjects of the RF can you name?

2 What are their functions?

3 What cases are considered by the courts of the criminal jurisdiction?

4 What cases are considered by the Municipal Courts?

5 What court hears appeals from the Municipal Court?

6 How can you characterize the jurisdiction of the Specialized Military Courts?

7 What are the particularities in the jurisdiction of the Specialized Military Courts?

8 Where can the decisions of the Military Judge be appealed?

9 What are the elements of the Arbitrazh Court System of the Russian Federation?

10 What are the Arbitrazh courts competent to do?

11 What cases do the Arbitrazh courts of the subjects of the RF specialize in?

12 How are cases tried in courts?

13 Who are the participants in the trial?

14 When are closed sessions allowed?

Comprehension check

B Say if it is true (T) or false (F).

1 The territory of the Russian Federation is divided into 70 circuits.

2 The municipal courts are courts of the first instance.

3 The Municipal Judge cannot hear the case alone.

4 The decision of the Municipal Judge can be appealed to the court of the subject of the RF.

5 The Specialized Military Courts jurisdiction is different from the jurisdiction of the Municipal courts.

6 The Arbitrazh courts settle economic disputes.

7 The Arbitrazh courts do not consider disputes that pertain to the criminal sphere of legislation.

8 In all courts cases are tried in closed session.

9 Judges are dependent and subordinated to the President.

Language focus

There is one mistake in each of the following sentences. Find and correct it.

One of the reasons that arbitration is frequently preferable to litigation is that the dispute can be submit to an expert for decision. Architects can be used decide disputes about construction.

This use of experts are especially important in labor-management relations. Arbitration is the technique use in collective-bargaining contracts to settle grievances of employees against their employers. Arbitration is able to resolved disputes arising out of labour contracts without resorting to judicial intervention. It is quick and efficient and minimize disruption in the workplace. Labour arbitration has attract a large number of experts – both lawyers and academicians.

Arbitration provide for decision making by experts with experience in the particular industry and with knowledge of the customs and practices of the particular work site.