- •Утверждено и рекомендовано решением
- •В качестве учебного пособия
- •Chapter I law Unit 1 Introduction to Law
- •Introduction to Law
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •The Aims of Law
- •In trouble with the law law-abiding my word is law
- •Unit 2 What Law Is
- •What Is Law?
- •Social Morality, Rules and Laws
- •Vocabulary
- •Chapter II sources of law Unit 3 Sources of English Law
- •Sources of English Law
- •The Principal Sources
- •Legislation
- •Judicial precedent
- •The Subsidiary Sources
- •Customs
- •Books of authority
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 4 Sources of Modern Law
- •Text a Historical and Political Background
- •Text b Common Law Systems
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text d Sources of American Law
- •Vocabulary
- •Text e Continental Systems
- •For You to Remember
- •Vocabulary
- •Chapter III constitutions Unit 5 The History of Constitution
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 6 British Constitution
- •The Nature of the Constitution
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 7 us Constitution
- •Founding of the United States
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 8 The Constitution of the Russian Federation
- •The New Russian Constitution
- •Amendments to the Constitution
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Chapter IV the system of government Unit 9 The British Government of Today
- •Text a The Governmental Model
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b The British Parliament
- •Vocabulary
- •The System of Government
- •Stages of a Government Bill
- •The House of Commons
- •The House of Lords
- •Making New Law
- •Text d The Prime Minister and the Cabinet
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 10 The American Government of Today
- •System of Government in the United States
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 11 The System of Checks and Balances
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Checks and Balances
- •Unit 12 Law-making Process in the usa
- •Text a The Concept of Bicameral Legislature
- •Vocabulary
- •Federalism
- •State and Local Government
- •Three Branches of Government
- •Unit 13 The State System of Russia. The Parliament of the Russian Federation
- •Text a The State System of Russia
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b The Parliament of the Russian Federation
- •Vocabulary
- •Chapter V law enforcement Unit 14 Law Enforcement Bodies
- •Text a Role of Government
- •Text b Role of Police Force
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 15 Enforcing the Law in Britain
- •Text a The English Legal System
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b The British Police
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Identify showing murder investigation found dead
- •Unit 16 Law Enforcement in the usa
- •Text a Protecting the Rights of the Accused
- •Text b Police Technology in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Federal Bureau of Investigation
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 17 Law Enforcement in the Russian Federation
- •Text a Law Enforcement of Today
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b Application of Law Enforcement
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Chapter VI the courts Unit 18 The Court System of the uk
- •Text a Judicial Institutions
- •Text b Classification of the English Courts
- •Text c The Hierarchy of the Courts
- •Restrictions
- •Vocabulary
- •It is useful to know
- •For you to know
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text d Courts of England and Wales
- •Judicial organization
- •Unit 19 The u.S. Court System
- •Text a Understanding the u.S. Court System
- •State Courts
- •A Typical State Judicial System
- •Federal Courts
- •Text b Jurisdictions of the Federal and State Court Systems
- •The Federal Judicial System
- •9 Justices
- •12 Circuits
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text c The Miranda Warning
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 20 The Court System of the Russian Federation
- •The Court Structure
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b Jurisdiction of Courts
- •The Constitutional Court
- •Jurisdiction of the Courts of General Jurisdiction
- •The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text c The Courts of the Subjects of the Russian Federation
- •Text d The Arbitrazh Court of the Russian Federation.
- •Jurisdiction of the Federal Arbitrazh Circuit Court as the Court of the First Instance
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Opening remarks at Meeting with the Judges of the Russian Court
- •Contents
- •Legal English - 1
Vocabulary
ascertain v выяснять; устанавливать; определять
compliance n выполнение, соблюдение (правовых норм)
embodiment n воплощение, олицетворение; embody v воплощать; содержать
gap n пробел
implementation n выполнение, осуществление
provision n условие, положение (договора, закона)
social benefit n пособие по социальному страхованию
solely [‘səulli] adv исключительно, только
substantiate v обосновывать
welfare payment n выплата пособия
Text b Application of Law Enforcement
The state has many ways of making sure that citizens obey the law. It makes the public aware of what the law is and tries to encourage social support for law and order. It uses militia to investigate crimes and catch criminals. It authorizes courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others. And it makes efforts to re-educate and reform people who have broken the law.
Ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it. Governments usually expect citizens to be aware of the laws which affect their lives. Sometimes this seems very harsh, for example, when the law is very technical. However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving, which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behaviour. In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn’t know exactly which law it is.
The state combats crime through the courts, the Prosecutor's Office, investigating authorities, state security bodies, militia and other law-enforcement agencies. They have to perform a series of acts to establish the fact of the crime, discover the offender and determine the penalty to be imposed in virtue of law.
After receiving information that a crime has been committed, the investigator, for instance, commences the preliminary investigation: he inspects the scene of the crime, summons and questions witnesses, detains suspects. The militia, the investigator, the prosecutor and the court may make such demands only within the power vested in them by law.
The challenge of the militia has always been to protect state and personal property, to maintain public law and order, to safeguard the rights and interests of citizens. To fulfil these functions properly the Internal Affairs bodies compose several departments. The Criminal Detection Department is to detect the criminal, that is to locate and arrest him (her). The Criminal Investigation Department collects evidence to prove the guilt or innocence of a suspect. The Economic Crimes Department reveals the economic offences. The mission of the State Inspection of Road Traffic Security is to regulate safety in the roads. The Juvenile Inspection is responsible for prevention of juvenile delinquency.
Vocabulary
challenge n стремление
combat crime v бороться с преступностью
commence v начинать
commit a crime v совершить преступление
Criminal Investigation Department n уголовный розыск
detain a suspect v задержать подозреваемого
deter v сдерживать; удерживать от совершения чего-либо
discover v находить
impose a penalty v налагать наказание
investigator n следователь
in virtue of law в силу закона
maintain law and order поддерживать правопорядок
militia [mı' lı∫ə] n милиция
obey the law v следовать закону, подчиняться закону
offence n правонарушение, преступление
offender n правонарушитель
perform acts v проводить действия
pose v создавать (проблему); представлять
preliminary n предварительное следствие
the Prosecutor’s Office n прокуратура
prohibit v запрещать
summon v вызывать
state security bodies органы госбезопасности
Reading tasks
Answer these questions.
1 What does implementation of law provisions mean?
2 What is the peculiarity of law enforcement?
3 What are the major requirements to law enforcement acts?
4 Why can’t law enforcement acts be sources of law?
5 How is law enforcement executed?
6 What are the main stages of law enforcement?
7 How do you understand ‘a gap in a law’?
8 What can be done when a gap in a law is discovered?
9 Through what bodies does the state combat crime?
10 What acts must these bodies perform?
11 What does the investigator do after receiving information that a crime has
been committed?
12 What functions does the militia have to perform in the law-enforcement
process?
13 Is ignorance of the law a defence for breaking it? Give reasons for it.
14 What are the ways of making sure that citizens obey the law?
Language focus
Complete the sentences using a gerund or an infinitive in brackets.
A
The Interior Minister hopes 1) _____ (to put / putting) an end to the eternal rivalry of Russian law-enforcement agencies, but these forces are somewhat sceptical to his good will. “It is expedient 2) _____ (to vest / vesting) coordination of the operational activities of law – enforcement agencies in the sphere of 3) _____ (to fight / fighting) organized crime to me by a presidential decree”, the Interior Minister wrote in a classified letter to the Russian President.
B
1 I persuaded my client _____ (to present / presenting) the tape as evidence.
2 They were excited about _____ (to hear / hearting) the President.
3 Supervision on _____ (to observe / observing) the laws is carried out by the
Office of the Prosecutor General.
4 She denied _____ (to steal / stealing) the money.
5 Our neighbour threatened _____ (to call / calling) the police if we didn’t stop
the noise.
6 The customs officer ordered him _____ (to open / opening) the case.