- •Introduction
- •Chapter 1 Occupational safety and health legislation
- •1.1. Legislation of occupational safety
- •1.1.1. Occupational safety law
- •1.1.2. Protection of women labor
- •1.1.3. Protection of underage labor
- •1.1.4. Occupational safety financing
- •1.1.5. State standard acts of occupational safety
- •1.1.6. Standard acts of occupational safety in enterprise
- •1.1.7. General duty of care and responsibilities
- •1.1.8. International cooperation in occupational safety
- •1.2. State management of occupational safety
- •1.2.1. Bodies of state management of occupational safety
- •1.2.2. Occupational safety management system
- •1.3. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.1. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.2. Occupational safety instruction. Types of instruction.
- •1.4. State and common supervision of occupational safety
- •1.4.1. State supervision
- •1.4.2. Public supervision of occupational safety
- •1.5. Principles of accident prevention
- •1.5.1. Accident investigation and recording
- •1.5.2. Occupational disease investigation
- •1.5.3. Accident auditing
- •1.5.4. Accident analysis
- •1.5.5. Risk management
- •1.5.5.1. Hazard identification
- •Inspection worksheet
- •1.5.5.2. Risk assessment
- •1.5.5.3. Risk control
- •Chapter 2 Occupational sanitation and hygiene
- •2.1. Work area microclimate
- •2.1.1. Biological effect of microclimate parameters
- •2.1.2. Meteorological standard
- •2.2. Airborne contamination
- •2.2.1. Biological effect of airborne contaminants
- •2.2.2. Airborne contaminant exposure standard
- •2.3. Ventilation systems
- •2.3.1. Natural ventilation
- •2.3.2. Mechanical ventilation
- •2.3.3. Ventilation system requirements
- •2.4. Heating systems
- •2.5. Illumination of work areas
- •2.5.1. Biological effect and technical characteristics
- •2.5.2. Requirements to work area illumination
- •2.5.3. Types of work area illumination
- •2.5.4. Natural illumination
- •2.5.5. Artificial illumination
- •2.5.6. Artificial illumination standard.
- •2.5.7. Artificial illumination prediction methods
- •2.6. Protection from noise and vibration
- •2.6.1. Noise physical characteristics
- •2.6.2. Noise exposure standard
- •2.6.3. Noise control
- •2.6.4. Infra sound
- •2.6.5. Ultra sound
- •2.6.6. Vibration exposure
- •2.6.7. Vibration control
- •Chapter 3 Electrical safety
- •3.1. Biological effect
- •3.2. Types of electric injury
- •3.3. Why electric injury can be fatal
- •3.4. Basic factors resulting in electric injury
- •3.5. Causes of electric injuries
- •3.6. Assessing risk associated with operating power facity
- •3.6.1. Danger in one-phase power line.
- •3.6.2. Danger in three-phase power line with insulated neutral.
- •3.6.3. Danger in three-phase power line with grounded neutral.
- •3.7. Systems of electric injuries prevention
- •3.7.1. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in normal operation.
- •3.7.2. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in emergency operation.
- •3.8. Electro-protective equipment
- •3.9. First aid on electric injury
- •Chapter 4 Occupational safety regulations
- •4.1. Protection from atmospheric electricity. Lightning-proof category and zone type
- •4.1.1. Lightning-proof installation
- •4.2. Fire safety systems
- •4.2.1. Fire safety
- •4.2.2. Automatic fire detectors installing.
- •4.3. Safety rules for computer operators
- •4.3.1. Visual overloading.
- •4.3.2. Overexertion of skeletal-muscle system.
- •4.3.3. Skin irritation.
- •4.3.4. Central nervous system lesion.
- •4.3.5. Effecting on reproductive function.
- •4.4. Workplace aesthetic.
- •4.5. Occupational safety standards for computer workplace
- •4.6. Prophylaxis of occupational disease
- •4.6.1. Medical examination
- •4.6.2. Nutrition
- •4.6.3. Psychological relaxation
1.5.5.1. Hazard identification
A hazard in relation to a person is defined as "anything that may result in injury to a person or harm to the health of a person".
There are a number of ways of identifying potential sources of injury or disease. Selection of the appropriate procedure will depend on the type of work processes and hazards involved. Procedures may range from a simple checklist for a specific piece of equipment or substance, to a more open-ended appraisal of a group of related work processes. Systematic inspections and audits can be used to detect changes away from the designed or designated conditions. Such programs can be scheduled on time, fault or random regimes. Importantly the results should be utilized and form part of an on-going base of data for the workplace. A combination of methods may provide the most effective results. Methods of identifying workplace hazards include:
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developing a hazard checklist;
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conducting walk-through surveys and inspections;
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reviewing information from designers or manufacturers;
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analyzing unsafe incident, accident and injury data;
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analyzing work processes;
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consulting with employees;
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examining and considering material safety data sheets and product labels; and
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seeking advice from specialist practitioners and representatives.
Some hazards are inherent in the work process, such as mechanical hazards, noise, or the toxic properties of substances. Other hazards result from equipment or machine failures and misuse, control or power system failures, chemical spills, and structural failures.
Hazards may be grouped into three categories - physical, mental and biological. Within each category, there are further hazard groups or types. It is useful to consider these hazard types (see below) when identifying work related hazards to ensure that a wide range of potential hazards is considered. The most common hazards in terms of bodily injury or disease are those, which result in:
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strain or overuse injuries and disease to back, shoulder, wrist etc;
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cut and abrasion injuries to the eyes, hands, fingers, feet and head;
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impact and crush injuries to the head, feet and fingers;
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burns (by heat, light or chemicals) to the eyes, feet, and skin;
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noise induced hearing loss; and
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toxic effects (short or long term) to respiratory system or skin, resulting in poisoning, cancers or dermatitis.
Development of a physical hazard list is very important as this forms the basis for the next step of the process. There are no standard formats used to record the data and so the following example worksheet (Table 1.1) is only for reference and may need modification to suit the nature of individual projects.
Table 1.1
Inspection worksheet
INSPECTION WORKSHEET No.1 Inspected by: John Ninks, Angela Smith |
Date: 1 Jan 1995 |
|
PLANT |
HAZARD AND SOURCE |
COMMENTS |
Large paper guillotine |
Crush from paper holding bar |
Operator and casual passers-by need protection. |
Amputation from blade due to:
|
||
Industrial lift truck (reg.no. FSG-7791) |
Could tip over or lose load if overloaded |
Usually received pallet loads within capacity, but heavier loads than the trucks capacity arrive occasionally |
If raised above mast height load could fall on operator |
Fitted with overhead protection |
|
Person could be struck and crushed by lift truck |
Truck regularly operates near operators on binding line |
|
Rear turning wheels could run over and crush a person's foot |
Two people have previously had their feet run over while talking to driver |
|
Pizza oven |
Possible burns when taking food out |
Has happened frequently. Should use gloves. |
Electric knife |
Possible electrocution from cutting cord |
Could connect through RCD |
Electric meat slicer |
Possible electrocution |
Use RCD : test regularly |
Cutting hazard |
Use steel mesh cutting glove & safe work practices. |