- •Introduction
- •Chapter 1 Occupational safety and health legislation
- •1.1. Legislation of occupational safety
- •1.1.1. Occupational safety law
- •1.1.2. Protection of women labor
- •1.1.3. Protection of underage labor
- •1.1.4. Occupational safety financing
- •1.1.5. State standard acts of occupational safety
- •1.1.6. Standard acts of occupational safety in enterprise
- •1.1.7. General duty of care and responsibilities
- •1.1.8. International cooperation in occupational safety
- •1.2. State management of occupational safety
- •1.2.1. Bodies of state management of occupational safety
- •1.2.2. Occupational safety management system
- •1.3. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.1. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.2. Occupational safety instruction. Types of instruction.
- •1.4. State and common supervision of occupational safety
- •1.4.1. State supervision
- •1.4.2. Public supervision of occupational safety
- •1.5. Principles of accident prevention
- •1.5.1. Accident investigation and recording
- •1.5.2. Occupational disease investigation
- •1.5.3. Accident auditing
- •1.5.4. Accident analysis
- •1.5.5. Risk management
- •1.5.5.1. Hazard identification
- •Inspection worksheet
- •1.5.5.2. Risk assessment
- •1.5.5.3. Risk control
- •Chapter 2 Occupational sanitation and hygiene
- •2.1. Work area microclimate
- •2.1.1. Biological effect of microclimate parameters
- •2.1.2. Meteorological standard
- •2.2. Airborne contamination
- •2.2.1. Biological effect of airborne contaminants
- •2.2.2. Airborne contaminant exposure standard
- •2.3. Ventilation systems
- •2.3.1. Natural ventilation
- •2.3.2. Mechanical ventilation
- •2.3.3. Ventilation system requirements
- •2.4. Heating systems
- •2.5. Illumination of work areas
- •2.5.1. Biological effect and technical characteristics
- •2.5.2. Requirements to work area illumination
- •2.5.3. Types of work area illumination
- •2.5.4. Natural illumination
- •2.5.5. Artificial illumination
- •2.5.6. Artificial illumination standard.
- •2.5.7. Artificial illumination prediction methods
- •2.6. Protection from noise and vibration
- •2.6.1. Noise physical characteristics
- •2.6.2. Noise exposure standard
- •2.6.3. Noise control
- •2.6.4. Infra sound
- •2.6.5. Ultra sound
- •2.6.6. Vibration exposure
- •2.6.7. Vibration control
- •Chapter 3 Electrical safety
- •3.1. Biological effect
- •3.2. Types of electric injury
- •3.3. Why electric injury can be fatal
- •3.4. Basic factors resulting in electric injury
- •3.5. Causes of electric injuries
- •3.6. Assessing risk associated with operating power facity
- •3.6.1. Danger in one-phase power line.
- •3.6.2. Danger in three-phase power line with insulated neutral.
- •3.6.3. Danger in three-phase power line with grounded neutral.
- •3.7. Systems of electric injuries prevention
- •3.7.1. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in normal operation.
- •3.7.2. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in emergency operation.
- •3.8. Electro-protective equipment
- •3.9. First aid on electric injury
- •Chapter 4 Occupational safety regulations
- •4.1. Protection from atmospheric electricity. Lightning-proof category and zone type
- •4.1.1. Lightning-proof installation
- •4.2. Fire safety systems
- •4.2.1. Fire safety
- •4.2.2. Automatic fire detectors installing.
- •4.3. Safety rules for computer operators
- •4.3.1. Visual overloading.
- •4.3.2. Overexertion of skeletal-muscle system.
- •4.3.3. Skin irritation.
- •4.3.4. Central nervous system lesion.
- •4.3.5. Effecting on reproductive function.
- •4.4. Workplace aesthetic.
- •4.5. Occupational safety standards for computer workplace
- •4.6. Prophylaxis of occupational disease
- •4.6.1. Medical examination
- •4.6.2. Nutrition
- •4.6.3. Psychological relaxation
4.3.2. Overexertion of skeletal-muscle system.
Working on computer is characterized by longtime being in static sitting position, low physical activity and significant local dynamic load applied to the wrists. Such type of work can provoke developing of disease called longtime static load syndrome. It entails localized fatigue, pain, cramps, constraint (in the neck, back, arms, legs) appearing periodically or everyday.
Overexertion of skeletal-muscle system can be caused by:
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wrong sitting position, when ergonomics is not taken into account;
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cyclic load, such as using keyboard or mouse;
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limited physical activity.
4.3.3. Skin irritation.
Sometimes computer users may have skin irritation as papule eruption, skin peeling, erythema, dermatitis. Scientific researches carried out in computer places showed that intensity of skin irritation correlates with low air humidity and multiple electrostatic charges. Electrostatic field generated by display reinforces electrostatic charges on operator’s body. It’s recently discovered that increasing air humidity in the room and restricting carpets, which usually accumulate electric charges, enabled lowering irritations. Setting protective grounding and cell display screen from metallic wire in some cases lowered frequency of skin irritation also.
4.3.4. Central nervous system lesion.
Factors which have adverse effect on central nervous system are the following:
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informational brain overloading with time shortage;
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nervous expectation of information especially if it needs making decision or option;
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high visual, nervous and emotional stress;
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static load;
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monotony;
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high responsibility for final result;
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longtime isolation from communication, what inherent for individual type of work.
Mentioned factors produce changes in correlation between exciting and inhibiting processes running in cerebral cortex. Decreasing functional activity of central nervous system, and breaking balance of basic nervous process leads to dominating of inhibiting process. Organism feels fatigue. Most frequently computer operators get mental fatigue, which has the following indications:
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decreased ability to concentrate attention;
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decreased perception of information;
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slowed thinking;
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worsened ability to remember information;
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emotional instability (depression, losing emotional control);
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slowed sensory-motor function, what slows reaction and decreases coordination.
Necessity of processing large data massive in condition of time shortage and high motivation and intensity of work are basic factors for emotional stress, what in turn activates nervous system and works out biologically active substances changing functions of blood circulation, respiration and digestive organs.
Working on computer compared to another activity is much more provoking neurosis. Main symptoms of neurosis are work productivity lowering, losing interest to outer world and shrinking fields of interest. Physically people may feel headache, unstable emotional condition, sleeping disorder, hopeless.
4.3.5. Effecting on reproductive function.
Intensive working on computer is extremely harmful for pregnant women it may cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, premature birth. Besides, it may cause inborn defects, such as insufficient brain development.
Main factor harmfully influencing on reproductive function is electomagnetic fields generated by computer. Reaching some intensity they are able to change and stop cells’ growing. That’s why working on computer is not recommended for pregnant women at all.