- •Introduction
- •Chapter 1 Occupational safety and health legislation
- •1.1. Legislation of occupational safety
- •1.1.1. Occupational safety law
- •1.1.2. Protection of women labor
- •1.1.3. Protection of underage labor
- •1.1.4. Occupational safety financing
- •1.1.5. State standard acts of occupational safety
- •1.1.6. Standard acts of occupational safety in enterprise
- •1.1.7. General duty of care and responsibilities
- •1.1.8. International cooperation in occupational safety
- •1.2. State management of occupational safety
- •1.2.1. Bodies of state management of occupational safety
- •1.2.2. Occupational safety management system
- •1.3. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.1. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.2. Occupational safety instruction. Types of instruction.
- •1.4. State and common supervision of occupational safety
- •1.4.1. State supervision
- •1.4.2. Public supervision of occupational safety
- •1.5. Principles of accident prevention
- •1.5.1. Accident investigation and recording
- •1.5.2. Occupational disease investigation
- •1.5.3. Accident auditing
- •1.5.4. Accident analysis
- •1.5.5. Risk management
- •1.5.5.1. Hazard identification
- •Inspection worksheet
- •1.5.5.2. Risk assessment
- •1.5.5.3. Risk control
- •Chapter 2 Occupational sanitation and hygiene
- •2.1. Work area microclimate
- •2.1.1. Biological effect of microclimate parameters
- •2.1.2. Meteorological standard
- •2.2. Airborne contamination
- •2.2.1. Biological effect of airborne contaminants
- •2.2.2. Airborne contaminant exposure standard
- •2.3. Ventilation systems
- •2.3.1. Natural ventilation
- •2.3.2. Mechanical ventilation
- •2.3.3. Ventilation system requirements
- •2.4. Heating systems
- •2.5. Illumination of work areas
- •2.5.1. Biological effect and technical characteristics
- •2.5.2. Requirements to work area illumination
- •2.5.3. Types of work area illumination
- •2.5.4. Natural illumination
- •2.5.5. Artificial illumination
- •2.5.6. Artificial illumination standard.
- •2.5.7. Artificial illumination prediction methods
- •2.6. Protection from noise and vibration
- •2.6.1. Noise physical characteristics
- •2.6.2. Noise exposure standard
- •2.6.3. Noise control
- •2.6.4. Infra sound
- •2.6.5. Ultra sound
- •2.6.6. Vibration exposure
- •2.6.7. Vibration control
- •Chapter 3 Electrical safety
- •3.1. Biological effect
- •3.2. Types of electric injury
- •3.3. Why electric injury can be fatal
- •3.4. Basic factors resulting in electric injury
- •3.5. Causes of electric injuries
- •3.6. Assessing risk associated with operating power facity
- •3.6.1. Danger in one-phase power line.
- •3.6.2. Danger in three-phase power line with insulated neutral.
- •3.6.3. Danger in three-phase power line with grounded neutral.
- •3.7. Systems of electric injuries prevention
- •3.7.1. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in normal operation.
- •3.7.2. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in emergency operation.
- •3.8. Electro-protective equipment
- •3.9. First aid on electric injury
- •Chapter 4 Occupational safety regulations
- •4.1. Protection from atmospheric electricity. Lightning-proof category and zone type
- •4.1.1. Lightning-proof installation
- •4.2. Fire safety systems
- •4.2.1. Fire safety
- •4.2.2. Automatic fire detectors installing.
- •4.3. Safety rules for computer operators
- •4.3.1. Visual overloading.
- •4.3.2. Overexertion of skeletal-muscle system.
- •4.3.3. Skin irritation.
- •4.3.4. Central nervous system lesion.
- •4.3.5. Effecting on reproductive function.
- •4.4. Workplace aesthetic.
- •4.5. Occupational safety standards for computer workplace
- •4.6. Prophylaxis of occupational disease
- •4.6.1. Medical examination
- •4.6.2. Nutrition
- •4.6.3. Psychological relaxation
3.8. Electro-protective equipment
Electro-protective equipment includes portable means to protect people working on power facilities from electric current, electric arc and electromagnetic field. All means are classified by their purpose: insulating, guarding and additional equipment.
Insulating protective equipment is to separate person from elements of power facility under voltage and also form the ground. It includes: insulated and measuring rods, rods to put temporary grounding; insulated and electro-measuring nippers; voltage indicators; insulated handles of mounters’ tools; dielectric gloves, boots, overshoes; rubber carpets, maps, stands; insulated caps and covers; insulated step-ladder.
Insulating protective equipment is divided into general and additional. General equipment is reliable to sustain power facility’s voltage while touching conductor under voltage. Additional equipment can’t provide safety under voltage and serves as supplementary protection that is recommended to use together with general one.
Guarding protective equipment serves for temporary guarding from conductors. It includes mobile guarding (shields, screens, cages, barriers) and signal posters.
Additional protective equipment is to protect personality from falling from the height (safe belts and ropes), for safe climb (ladders, climbers), and also to protect from light, heat, mechanical and chemical exposure (protective glasses, respirators, gloves, special uniform).
3.9. First aid on electric injury
First aid is described by the International Labor Organization as, "the immediate and temporary care of the victim of an accident, with the aim of preventing or reducing an acute threat to the life or health of the victim". The description goes on to refer to, "the application of immediate measures on the accident site by a person who may not be a physician but is trained in first aid" and, "has access to the necessary equipment and supplies", ILO 1989 (1).
The key is prompt first aid saves lives. The sooner help is available, the greater the chance of recovery.
First aid procedure:
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remove factors dangerous for health or life of the victim and estimate his condition;
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identify character and heaviness of the injury, and first aid sequence;
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apply firs aid measures in order of their urgency (make sure that respiration tract is passable, apply artificial respiration and external cardiac massage);
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maintain main vital functions of the person until medical help arrives;
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call the ambulance or transport the victim to the closest medical point.
First aid effectiveness depends on how fast a victim is released from under the voltage, and also how fast and correct the first aid applied. Death caused by electric current is frequently clinical so never give up trying to apply the first aid only because person’s got no breathing and no pulse. Touching conductor under voltage induces cramp muscular contraction and total exciting of living tissues effecting heart or lungs. If person griped conductor it’d be a tight grip impossible to release. That’s why the fist action is to shut power down. If you can’t do that try to release victim from conductors but do not touch him. To release victim form conductors under voltage up to 1000 V use rope, stick, board or any dry thing, which doesn’t conduct electricity. Somebody who renders help should insulate his hands putting on dielectric gloves or winding scarf around the hand, covering victim with rubber carpet. Use only one hand to release person from conductor.
To release person from conductors under voltage over 1000 V use dielectric gloves and boots and do it with rod with insulated nippers designed for appropriate voltage.
Don’t forget about pace voltage if conductor lays on the ground. Once victim is released take him out of this zone. Without protective equipment it’s possible to walk in current spread zone but holding feet as close as possible. First aid procedure depends on condition of victim. Anyway call the doctor.
If victim regained consciousness he should lay down, his clothes should be unbuttoned to provide easy respiration; he needs to have a rest, if needed warm up his body. Victim who was unconscious and regained consciousness needs to drink 15 - 20 drops of valerian extract and hot tea.
Victim is not allowed to move and moreover work that may worsen his condition. If his respiration is frequent and convulsive, however he has pulse apply artificial respiration.
First aid aimed at resuscitation of vital functions, such as respiration and heart beat should be applied to victim in case when pulse and breathing is absent and consequently skin and mucous membrane turn blue and eye pupils become opened wide.