- •Introduction
- •Chapter 1 Occupational safety and health legislation
- •1.1. Legislation of occupational safety
- •1.1.1. Occupational safety law
- •1.1.2. Protection of women labor
- •1.1.3. Protection of underage labor
- •1.1.4. Occupational safety financing
- •1.1.5. State standard acts of occupational safety
- •1.1.6. Standard acts of occupational safety in enterprise
- •1.1.7. General duty of care and responsibilities
- •1.1.8. International cooperation in occupational safety
- •1.2. State management of occupational safety
- •1.2.1. Bodies of state management of occupational safety
- •1.2.2. Occupational safety management system
- •1.3. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.1. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.2. Occupational safety instruction. Types of instruction.
- •1.4. State and common supervision of occupational safety
- •1.4.1. State supervision
- •1.4.2. Public supervision of occupational safety
- •1.5. Principles of accident prevention
- •1.5.1. Accident investigation and recording
- •1.5.2. Occupational disease investigation
- •1.5.3. Accident auditing
- •1.5.4. Accident analysis
- •1.5.5. Risk management
- •1.5.5.1. Hazard identification
- •Inspection worksheet
- •1.5.5.2. Risk assessment
- •1.5.5.3. Risk control
- •Chapter 2 Occupational sanitation and hygiene
- •2.1. Work area microclimate
- •2.1.1. Biological effect of microclimate parameters
- •2.1.2. Meteorological standard
- •2.2. Airborne contamination
- •2.2.1. Biological effect of airborne contaminants
- •2.2.2. Airborne contaminant exposure standard
- •2.3. Ventilation systems
- •2.3.1. Natural ventilation
- •2.3.2. Mechanical ventilation
- •2.3.3. Ventilation system requirements
- •2.4. Heating systems
- •2.5. Illumination of work areas
- •2.5.1. Biological effect and technical characteristics
- •2.5.2. Requirements to work area illumination
- •2.5.3. Types of work area illumination
- •2.5.4. Natural illumination
- •2.5.5. Artificial illumination
- •2.5.6. Artificial illumination standard.
- •2.5.7. Artificial illumination prediction methods
- •2.6. Protection from noise and vibration
- •2.6.1. Noise physical characteristics
- •2.6.2. Noise exposure standard
- •2.6.3. Noise control
- •2.6.4. Infra sound
- •2.6.5. Ultra sound
- •2.6.6. Vibration exposure
- •2.6.7. Vibration control
- •Chapter 3 Electrical safety
- •3.1. Biological effect
- •3.2. Types of electric injury
- •3.3. Why electric injury can be fatal
- •3.4. Basic factors resulting in electric injury
- •3.5. Causes of electric injuries
- •3.6. Assessing risk associated with operating power facity
- •3.6.1. Danger in one-phase power line.
- •3.6.2. Danger in three-phase power line with insulated neutral.
- •3.6.3. Danger in three-phase power line with grounded neutral.
- •3.7. Systems of electric injuries prevention
- •3.7.1. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in normal operation.
- •3.7.2. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in emergency operation.
- •3.8. Electro-protective equipment
- •3.9. First aid on electric injury
- •Chapter 4 Occupational safety regulations
- •4.1. Protection from atmospheric electricity. Lightning-proof category and zone type
- •4.1.1. Lightning-proof installation
- •4.2. Fire safety systems
- •4.2.1. Fire safety
- •4.2.2. Automatic fire detectors installing.
- •4.3. Safety rules for computer operators
- •4.3.1. Visual overloading.
- •4.3.2. Overexertion of skeletal-muscle system.
- •4.3.3. Skin irritation.
- •4.3.4. Central nervous system lesion.
- •4.3.5. Effecting on reproductive function.
- •4.4. Workplace aesthetic.
- •4.5. Occupational safety standards for computer workplace
- •4.6. Prophylaxis of occupational disease
- •4.6.1. Medical examination
- •4.6.2. Nutrition
- •4.6.3. Psychological relaxation
2.6.7. Vibration control
General methods for vibration control are classified as engineering, administrative and prophylactic control.
Engineering control methods include: using new equipment, which eliminates risk of contact to vibration; design changes of machinery; adequate velocity; improving stiffness.
Administrative control methods include assembly and installation control, preventive maintenance and service.
Prophylactic control provides microclimate conditions and complex of physiotherapy procedures (bath, massage, gymnastic, ultraviolet exposure).
Vibration damping, vibration reduction, vibration isolation and protective equipment are applied as vibration control also.
The term "damping" refers to a property of materials, which converts vibration energy into heat energy.
There are two types of damping: external surface damping; and constrained layer damping.
External surface damping can be in the form of a sheet bonded to the structure being damped, or a layer, which is sprayed or painted on.
Constrained layer damping involves sandwiching a layer of visco-elastic material between the structure being damped and an outer constraining layer. This type of damping finds application where a large vibration reduction is required. Constraining layer is chosen to be 2 - 3 times more of damped structures’ thickness.
Damping can also be reached by using lubricant between two machine parts what eliminates possibility of their contact and reduces friction, which is a vibration source.
Vibration reduction is achieved by including into the oscillating system of additional masses or increasing its stiffness. To reduce vibration spring, pendular, eccentric and hydraulic dynamic reducers are applied. Their common disadvantage is what they are effective only at resonance frequency.
Impact pendular vibration is applied to reduce vibration at frequency 0.4 - 2 Hz, spring – 2 - 10 Hz, floating reducers – over 10 Hz.
Massive engine seating is used to reduce vibration also. Its mass is chosen so that seating oscillation is kept under 0.1..0.2 mm.
Vibration isolation techniques are aimed at disassociating the vibrating part from the force causing it to vibrate.
The ideal system is that in which vibration generator is separated from its supporting structure by a free space. In practice placing an isolator between them normally separates it. There are various vibration isolators commercially available in the form of springs, rubber mounts, elastomer types (compressed or shear, ribbed Neoprene), other compressible materials such as cork, or fibrous mats made of felt or fibres.
Selecting a proper vibration isolator needs consulting expert to know the lowest forcing frequency of the machine to be isolated, the natural frequency of the isolator, total weight and lowest forcing deflection required.
Once a suitable isolator (spring or pad) is chosen uniform distribution of deflection should be ensured.
Protective equipment is the least step in control hierarchy. It includes gloves, inserts, spacets to protect hands, special shoos, soles to protect legs, protective suits, belts to protect whole body.
Vibration disease prophylaxis includes recommendations for duration of work shift. For example manual-handling work in contact with vibration shouldn’t take longer than 2/3 of work shift. Hereby duration of direct contact with vibrating tool including short pauses shouldn’t exceed 15 - 20 min. Additionally two rest breaks are foreseen.
All employees working with vibration must pass medical examination before entering the job and periodically at least once per year.