- •Introduction
- •Chapter 1 Occupational safety and health legislation
- •1.1. Legislation of occupational safety
- •1.1.1. Occupational safety law
- •1.1.2. Protection of women labor
- •1.1.3. Protection of underage labor
- •1.1.4. Occupational safety financing
- •1.1.5. State standard acts of occupational safety
- •1.1.6. Standard acts of occupational safety in enterprise
- •1.1.7. General duty of care and responsibilities
- •1.1.8. International cooperation in occupational safety
- •1.2. State management of occupational safety
- •1.2.1. Bodies of state management of occupational safety
- •1.2.2. Occupational safety management system
- •1.3. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.1. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.2. Occupational safety instruction. Types of instruction.
- •1.4. State and common supervision of occupational safety
- •1.4.1. State supervision
- •1.4.2. Public supervision of occupational safety
- •1.5. Principles of accident prevention
- •1.5.1. Accident investigation and recording
- •1.5.2. Occupational disease investigation
- •1.5.3. Accident auditing
- •1.5.4. Accident analysis
- •1.5.5. Risk management
- •1.5.5.1. Hazard identification
- •Inspection worksheet
- •1.5.5.2. Risk assessment
- •1.5.5.3. Risk control
- •Chapter 2 Occupational sanitation and hygiene
- •2.1. Work area microclimate
- •2.1.1. Biological effect of microclimate parameters
- •2.1.2. Meteorological standard
- •2.2. Airborne contamination
- •2.2.1. Biological effect of airborne contaminants
- •2.2.2. Airborne contaminant exposure standard
- •2.3. Ventilation systems
- •2.3.1. Natural ventilation
- •2.3.2. Mechanical ventilation
- •2.3.3. Ventilation system requirements
- •2.4. Heating systems
- •2.5. Illumination of work areas
- •2.5.1. Biological effect and technical characteristics
- •2.5.2. Requirements to work area illumination
- •2.5.3. Types of work area illumination
- •2.5.4. Natural illumination
- •2.5.5. Artificial illumination
- •2.5.6. Artificial illumination standard.
- •2.5.7. Artificial illumination prediction methods
- •2.6. Protection from noise and vibration
- •2.6.1. Noise physical characteristics
- •2.6.2. Noise exposure standard
- •2.6.3. Noise control
- •2.6.4. Infra sound
- •2.6.5. Ultra sound
- •2.6.6. Vibration exposure
- •2.6.7. Vibration control
- •Chapter 3 Electrical safety
- •3.1. Biological effect
- •3.2. Types of electric injury
- •3.3. Why electric injury can be fatal
- •3.4. Basic factors resulting in electric injury
- •3.5. Causes of electric injuries
- •3.6. Assessing risk associated with operating power facity
- •3.6.1. Danger in one-phase power line.
- •3.6.2. Danger in three-phase power line with insulated neutral.
- •3.6.3. Danger in three-phase power line with grounded neutral.
- •3.7. Systems of electric injuries prevention
- •3.7.1. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in normal operation.
- •3.7.2. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in emergency operation.
- •3.8. Electro-protective equipment
- •3.9. First aid on electric injury
- •Chapter 4 Occupational safety regulations
- •4.1. Protection from atmospheric electricity. Lightning-proof category and zone type
- •4.1.1. Lightning-proof installation
- •4.2. Fire safety systems
- •4.2.1. Fire safety
- •4.2.2. Automatic fire detectors installing.
- •4.3. Safety rules for computer operators
- •4.3.1. Visual overloading.
- •4.3.2. Overexertion of skeletal-muscle system.
- •4.3.3. Skin irritation.
- •4.3.4. Central nervous system lesion.
- •4.3.5. Effecting on reproductive function.
- •4.4. Workplace aesthetic.
- •4.5. Occupational safety standards for computer workplace
- •4.6. Prophylaxis of occupational disease
- •4.6.1. Medical examination
- •4.6.2. Nutrition
- •4.6.3. Psychological relaxation
4.4. Workplace aesthetic.
SniP 2.09.02-85 “Occupational buildings” and SniP 2.01.02-85 “Fire safety norms” are standards, which together with another documents, establish requirements for computerized occupational areas.
Considering specific visual work on computer one-side lighting is recommended. It is best to have windows facing north or northwest, what prevents from undesirable sunrays’ blinding. Moreover windows should be guarded with jalousie, guarding etc. To avoid sunrays reflection from the walls they are to have dull or half-dull texture. Reflectance makes 0.7 - 0.8 for ceiling; 0.5 - 0.6 for walls; 0.3 - 0.5 for floor; 0.4 - 0.5 for another surfaces.
Floor surface should be even, smooth and have anti-static properties. The most applicable is covering floor by anti-static linoleum.
To provide normal microclimate parameters, restrict harmful substances and ion content in the air of work areas should have air-conditioning and heating systems.
Areas purposed for working on computer can’t be near manufacturing areas with sound and vibration level exceeding acceptable levels and those referred to categories A and B of fire explosion risk.
If computer workplaces are close to harmful factors exposure they should be situated in isolated cabin with air conditioning. Cabin walls are performed from incombustible material. Minimum floor area to be provided for each worker makes 6.0 m2, and volume – 20.0 m3. Rest and relaxation rooms, dinning-rooms are situated separately and equipped specifically, so do other amenity rooms.
Appropriate aesthetic coloring of the work zone enables high work production and safety. Coloring of ceiling and wall and also equipment assist to provide desirable visual perception, increased work production, order and cleanness in the work place. Painting work areas their color tint is chosen in accordance to aesthetic and psychological specificity of work. Calm and one-tint colors are the most favorable.
Experts on occupational safety pay a great attention to workplace performance. Scientific researches showed 15 - 25% rising of work production owing to rational workplace performance.
Workplace performance includes:
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workplaces’ layout in the work area;
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workplace’s furniture layout that considers ergonomics and anthropometry;
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rational layout of equipment in the workplace;
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considering character and specificity of work.
Computer places are recommended to arrange in rows, so that natural light illumination would be left side. That allows to avoid light reflecting from display.
If work of computer operator takes high concentration and intensity adjacent places should be separated by interior walls of 1.5 - 2 m height.
Computer place furniture includes desk, chair, and footrest. Scientific research of workplaces testifies that a lot of negative things observed in computer workplace can be removed by rational furniture construction, adjusting its size to fit anatomic and physiological characteristics of operator. Neglecting workplace furniture entails spinal deformation and nervous system affection, painful feeling in lower back, total discomfort and decreasing work production.
Requirements applied to desk, chair, footrest are established by standard “Occupational Safety Rules of Computer Exploring”. Desk height is within 680 - 800 mm (optimally 725 mm), width – 600 - 1400 mm, depth – 800 - 1000 mm. Desk space purposed for legs should have height at least 600 mm, width – 450 mm, depth on the knees level – 450 mm, depth on the level of extended legs – 650 mm. Necessary elements of the operator chair are: seat, seat-back, stationary or detachable elbow-rest. Chair should have lifting and rotary seat, changing seat-back angle and distance to the front side of the seat, and changing elbow-rest elevation.
Office furniture is to provide the optimal body position with the following ergonomic characteristics: feet are on the floor or footrest; legs are in horizontal position; shoulders are vertical; elbow angle (between shoulder and forearm) is within 70 - 90; wrists have as a maximum 20 angle relative to horizontal plane; head incline position makes angle within 15 - 20 to vertical axis. Display and keyboard are situated at the optimal distance from operator eyes. Considering font size it should be 600 mm as minimum.