4.6.2. Nutrition

Nutrition recommended for computer operators should not be rational but also prophylactic. Prophylactic nutrition includes meal rich with vitamins A, B1, B2, B12. Vitamin A (retinol) produces light-sensitive substance in retina. It’s contained in animal food and its provitamin (carotene) – in vegetable food. Vitamin A deficiency brings about lowering of adaptive eye’s function, dim eye’s cornea. Animal liver, butter, egg’s yolk, milk fat are rich with vitamin A.

Green and orange parts of vegetables contain carotene, which transfers in organism into vitamin A. Great amount of carotene is contained in red carrot, red pepper, spinach, apricot, green peas. Daily doze of vitamin A for adult people makes 1 - 1.5 mg, for computer operators – 1.5 - 2 mg.

Shortage of vitamins B causes violation of eye nerve function, worsens cornea transparency. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is in yeast bred kvass, cereals and legumes. The most amount of thiamine of animal origin is in liver and pork deprived of fat.

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) regulates functioning of central nervous system, substance exchange in cornea, crystalline lens and retina, provides light and color vision. The main source of riboflavin is eggs, cheese, milk, meat, peanut, soy bean, green peas.

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) takes part in synthesis of methionine and nuclein acid, hemogenic processes. B12 insufficiency develops when its intake is infringed and turns up as heavy form of anemia. B12 is basically found in animal food.

4.6.3. Psychological relaxation

Every day routine of not complicated physical exercises carried out during work improves physical condition keeps up high work capacity and preserves health of the workers.

Computer operation is characterized by high intensity of visual function, significant local physical exertion applied to the wrists on the background of low total mobility, high nervous and emotional stress. Longtime being in sitting position and low moving activity reduces intensity of substances exchange, blood circulation, provokes stagnant processes in region of sacrum pelvis, legs, weakens muscles. In such condition routine of special exercises allows to compensate insufficient muscle activity. There’re exercises and massage for eyes, breathing gymnastic, mental and muscle exertion.

Psychological and physiological relaxation for computer operators should be conducted in specially equipped rooms during breaks or in the end of office time. It includes three periods of mental training:

1^st period – distract from work environment. It’s desirable to listen melodious music, bird’s singing etc.

2^nd period – relaxation – renewing inhibiting, listening to melodious music.

3^rd period – activation – phase of high excitement. One can use red light, cheerful music.

Session takes 10 minutes after what workers relief fatigue, feel cheerful, get in high spirit.

CONTENTS

Introduction 2

Chapter 1 Occupational safety and health legislation 6

1.1. Legislation of occupational safety 6

1.1.1. Occupational safety law 6

1.1.2. Protection of women labor 8

1.1.3. Protection of underage labor 9

1.1.4. Occupational safety financing 9

1.1.5. State standard acts of occupational safety 10

1.1.6. Standard acts of occupational safety in enterprise 10

1.1.7. General duty of care and responsibilities 11

1.1.8. International cooperation in occupational safety 11

1.2. State management of occupational safety 12

1.2.1. Bodies of state management of occupational safety 12

1.2.2. Occupational safety management system 13

1.3. Occupational safety training 14

1.3.1. Occupational safety training 14

1.3.2. Occupational safety instruction. Types of instruction. 15

1.4. state and common supervision OF OCCUPATIONAL safety 16

1.4.1. State supervision 16

1.4.2. Public supervision of occupational safety 17

1.5. Principles of accident prevention 19

1.5.1. Accident investigation and recording 19

1.5.2. Occupational disease investigation 23

1.5.3. Accident auditing 24

1.5.4. Accident analysis 24

1.5.5. Risk management 26

1.5.5.1. Hazard identification 27

1.5.5.2. Risk assessment 30

1.5.5.3. Risk control 31

Chapter 2 Occupational sanitation and hygiene 34

2.1. Work area microclimate 34

2.1.1. Biological effect of microclimate parameters 34

2.1.2. Meteorological standard 36

2.2. Airborne contamination 37

2.2.1. Biological effect of airborne contaminants 37

2.2.2. Airborne contaminant exposure standard 39

2.3. Ventilation systems 42

2.3.1. Natural ventilation 42

2.3.2. Mechanical ventilation 42

2.3.3. Ventilation system requirements 43

2.4. Heating systems 44

2.5. Illumination of work areas 44

2.5.1. Biological effect and technical characteristics 44

2.5.2. Requirements to work area illumination 46

2.5.3. Types of work area illumination 47

2.5.4. Natural illumination 48

2.5.5. Artificial illumination 49

2.5.6. Artificial illumination standard. 50

2.5.7. Artificial illumination prediction methods 51

2.6. Protection from noise and vibration 52

2.6.1. Noise physical characteristics 52

2.6.2. Noise exposure standard 55

2.6.3. Noise control 55

2.6.4. Infra sound 57

2.6.5. Ultra sound 58

2.6.6. Vibration exposure 58

2.6.7. Vibration control 60

Chapter 3 Electrical safety 62

3.1. Biological effect 62

3.2. Types of electric injury 62

3.3. Why electric injury can be fatal 64

3.4. Basic factors resulting in electric injury 65

3.5. Causes of electric injuries 67

3.6. Assessing risk ASSOCIATED WITH operating power facity 68

3.6.1. Danger in one-phase power line. 68

3.6.2. Danger in three-phase power line with insulated neutral. 72

3.6.3. Danger in three-phase power line with grounded neutral. 74

3.7. Systems of electric injuries prevention 78

3.7.1. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in normal operation. 79

3.7.2. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in emergency operation. 80

3.8. Electro-protective equipment 84

3.9. First aid on electric injury 85

Chapter 4 Occupational safety regulations 87

4.1. Protection from atmospheric electricity. Lightning-proof category and zone type 87

4.1.1. Lightning-proof installation 89

4.2. Fire safety systems 90

4.2.1. Fire safety 90

4.2.2. Automatic fire detectors installing. 91

4.3. Safety rules for computer operators 91

4.3.1. Visual overloading. 92

4.3.2. Overexertion of skeletal-muscle system. 93

4.3.3. Skin irritation. 93

4.3.4. Central nervous system lesion. 93

4.3.5. Effecting on reproductive function. 94

4.4. Workplace aesthetic. 95

4.5. Occupational safety standards for computer workplace 96

4.6. Prophylaxis of occupational disease 97

4.6.1. Medical examination 98

4.6.2. Nutrition 99

4.6.3. Psychological relaxation 99

103