- •Introduction
- •Chapter 1 Occupational safety and health legislation
- •1.1. Legislation of occupational safety
- •1.1.1. Occupational safety law
- •1.1.2. Protection of women labor
- •1.1.3. Protection of underage labor
- •1.1.4. Occupational safety financing
- •1.1.5. State standard acts of occupational safety
- •1.1.6. Standard acts of occupational safety in enterprise
- •1.1.7. General duty of care and responsibilities
- •1.1.8. International cooperation in occupational safety
- •1.2. State management of occupational safety
- •1.2.1. Bodies of state management of occupational safety
- •1.2.2. Occupational safety management system
- •1.3. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.1. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.2. Occupational safety instruction. Types of instruction.
- •1.4. State and common supervision of occupational safety
- •1.4.1. State supervision
- •1.4.2. Public supervision of occupational safety
- •1.5. Principles of accident prevention
- •1.5.1. Accident investigation and recording
- •1.5.2. Occupational disease investigation
- •1.5.3. Accident auditing
- •1.5.4. Accident analysis
- •1.5.5. Risk management
- •1.5.5.1. Hazard identification
- •Inspection worksheet
- •1.5.5.2. Risk assessment
- •1.5.5.3. Risk control
- •Chapter 2 Occupational sanitation and hygiene
- •2.1. Work area microclimate
- •2.1.1. Biological effect of microclimate parameters
- •2.1.2. Meteorological standard
- •2.2. Airborne contamination
- •2.2.1. Biological effect of airborne contaminants
- •2.2.2. Airborne contaminant exposure standard
- •2.3. Ventilation systems
- •2.3.1. Natural ventilation
- •2.3.2. Mechanical ventilation
- •2.3.3. Ventilation system requirements
- •2.4. Heating systems
- •2.5. Illumination of work areas
- •2.5.1. Biological effect and technical characteristics
- •2.5.2. Requirements to work area illumination
- •2.5.3. Types of work area illumination
- •2.5.4. Natural illumination
- •2.5.5. Artificial illumination
- •2.5.6. Artificial illumination standard.
- •2.5.7. Artificial illumination prediction methods
- •2.6. Protection from noise and vibration
- •2.6.1. Noise physical characteristics
- •2.6.2. Noise exposure standard
- •2.6.3. Noise control
- •2.6.4. Infra sound
- •2.6.5. Ultra sound
- •2.6.6. Vibration exposure
- •2.6.7. Vibration control
- •Chapter 3 Electrical safety
- •3.1. Biological effect
- •3.2. Types of electric injury
- •3.3. Why electric injury can be fatal
- •3.4. Basic factors resulting in electric injury
- •3.5. Causes of electric injuries
- •3.6. Assessing risk associated with operating power facity
- •3.6.1. Danger in one-phase power line.
- •3.6.2. Danger in three-phase power line with insulated neutral.
- •3.6.3. Danger in three-phase power line with grounded neutral.
- •3.7. Systems of electric injuries prevention
- •3.7.1. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in normal operation.
- •3.7.2. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in emergency operation.
- •3.8. Electro-protective equipment
- •3.9. First aid on electric injury
- •Chapter 4 Occupational safety regulations
- •4.1. Protection from atmospheric electricity. Lightning-proof category and zone type
- •4.1.1. Lightning-proof installation
- •4.2. Fire safety systems
- •4.2.1. Fire safety
- •4.2.2. Automatic fire detectors installing.
- •4.3. Safety rules for computer operators
- •4.3.1. Visual overloading.
- •4.3.2. Overexertion of skeletal-muscle system.
- •4.3.3. Skin irritation.
- •4.3.4. Central nervous system lesion.
- •4.3.5. Effecting on reproductive function.
- •4.4. Workplace aesthetic.
- •4.5. Occupational safety standards for computer workplace
- •4.6. Prophylaxis of occupational disease
- •4.6.1. Medical examination
- •4.6.2. Nutrition
- •4.6.3. Psychological relaxation
2.1.2. Meteorological standard
The basic meteorological standard is “GOST 12.1.005-88”, which regulates microclimate parameters and comprises thermal characteristic of work area, work category and year period. It provides standards for optimal and acceptable meteorological conditions.
Optimal meteorological conditions are provided by such microclimate parameters, which ensure normal thermal and functional condition of human organism without heat regulation stress. They give feeling of thermal comfort and create conditions for high productivity of workforce.
Acceptable meteorological conditions are provided by microclimate parameters, which may induce some changes of thermal and functional condition but heat regulation stress is relieved in short time. It doesn’t impact health, but may cause some discomfort and worsen workability.
Considering total energy consumption required for physical activity every work can be referred to easy, normal or hard work category.
Easy physical work (Category I) is activity with energy consumption up to 150 kilocalorie per hour (174 W).
Easy physical work divides into Category Ia - energy consumption up to 120 kilocalorie per hour (139 W) and Category Ib - energy consumption is 121-150 kilocalorie per hour (140-174 W).
Category Ia includes work in sitting or standing position what takes slight physical exertion (work applied in precise instrument-machine engineering, clothing manufacture, offices etc.).
Category Ib includes work in sitting, standing position or walking what takes some physical exertion (work applied in printing industry, communication service, checkers, experts in any industry etc.);
Normal physical work (Category II) is activity with energy consumption 151-250 kilocalorie per hour (175-290 W).
Normal physical work divides into Category IIa - energy consumption is 151-200 kilocalorie per hour (175-232 W) and Category IIb - energy consumption is 201-250 kilocalorie per hour (233-290 W).
Category IIa includes work with constant walking, moving small things (up to 1 kg weight) sitting or standing and takes some physical exertion (work applied in mechanical workshops, in machine engineering, spinning factory etc.).
Category IIb includes work with constant walking, moving and carrying weights up to 1 kg and takes moderate physical exertion (work applied in foundry, rolling, forge, heat and welding workshops etc.).
Hard physical work (Category III) is activity with energy consumption over 250 kilocalorie per hour (290 W).
Category III includes work with constant walking, moving and carrying heavy weights (over 10 kg) and takes great physical effort (work applied in forge workshops with manual ramming and casting in machine engineering and metallurgical works etc.).
The calendar year is divided into two periods: warm period having average daily temperature of external air +10C and higher; and cold period - average daily temperature of external air below +10C.
2.2. Airborne contamination
2.2.1. Biological effect of airborne contaminants
An airborne contaminant is a potentially harmful substance that is either naturally absent from air or is present in an unnaturally high concentration, and to which workers may be exposed in their working environment. During contact with human organism it can cause injury, disease or illness, that can be detected by modern methods, as during occupational activity so in some periods of life of this and future generation.
The uptake of airborne contaminants occurs throughout the respiratory system, digestive organs, skin and mucous membrane. The dominant driving force in the uptake of gases, vapors and dust is in respiratory system, liquid substances – through the skin. Contaminants get into alimentary tract while swallowing due to dirty hands.
Poisoning by harmful substances depends on their toxicity, quantity, exposure time and individual organism. Acute poisoning occurs after one-time exposure of contaminant in large quantity. Chronic poisoning develops during longtime exposure of the person to contaminant in low concentration. Harmful substances uptaken by organism distribute in it irregularly. Lead accumulates basically in bones, fluorine – in teeth, manganese – in liver.
Airborne contaminants introduced in work areas are divided into chemical substances and dust.
Chemical substances are divided by character of influence into 6 groups:
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toxic - inducing poisoning of the whole organism (carbon oxide, lead, mercury);
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irritant - inducing irritating of respiratory tract and mucous membrane (chlorine, acetone, ozone);
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sensitizer - influencing as allergen (formaldehyde, various lacquers, solvents);
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carcinogenic - inducing cancer (nickel and its compounds, chrome oxide, asbestos);
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gene-mutating - changing heredity information (lead, manganese, radioactive substances);
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teratogenic (mercury, lead, manganese, radioactive substances).
It’s possible to use anther classifications, such as contaminants which effect exact organs (liver, kidneys, heart, alimentary tract) and also asphyxiating, nervous ones etc.
Dusts are solid particles generated and dispersed into the air by, for example, handling, crushing and grinding of organic or inorganic materials such as rock, ore, metal, coal, wood and grain.
The health effects caused by particulate exposure are equally diverse. Skin contact with some dusts, such as organic dusts from flour and grains, may cause irritation or allergic responses in sensitized persons, while inhalation of other organic dusts, particularly some wood dusts, has been shown to cause nasal cancer in heavily exposed workers. However, the major health effects are usually found in the lungs, where particulate matter may penetrate deep down to the gas exchange region (the alveoli) and cause severe fibrotic reactions. An example of this is silicosis, which results from exposure to silica. Other lung reactions include bronchitis, which is over-production of mucous associated with inflammation of the bronchi; asthma which is a constriction of the bronchial tubes; and cancer. Restricted lung function can place burden on the right side of the heart and this additional strain can result in irreversible heart damage over time.
Floating in the air dust is called aerosol and that adhered to surface – aerogel.
It’s classified by toxicity and particulate size.
As for toxicity dust can be toxic such as lead, manganese, or cadmium being absorbed into the blood it can exert an adverse effect on tissues or organs that may be remote from the site of entry, or untoxic (having no poisoning effect). Toxic dust dissolved by saliva or on mucous membrane of respiratory tract converts into poison.
Particle size is critical in determining where particulates will settle in the lung.
By its size dust is classified as following:
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INHALABLE dust has a 50% cut-point of 100 m
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THORACIC dust has a 50% cut-point of 10 m
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RESPIRABLE (smoke) dust has a 50% cut-point of 5 m; that dust is so small in size that it can get through the lung defense mechanisms of the human body and get down deep into the gas exchange (alveolar) region of the lung.