- •Introduction
- •Chapter 1 Occupational safety and health legislation
- •1.1. Legislation of occupational safety
- •1.1.1. Occupational safety law
- •1.1.2. Protection of women labor
- •1.1.3. Protection of underage labor
- •1.1.4. Occupational safety financing
- •1.1.5. State standard acts of occupational safety
- •1.1.6. Standard acts of occupational safety in enterprise
- •1.1.7. General duty of care and responsibilities
- •1.1.8. International cooperation in occupational safety
- •1.2. State management of occupational safety
- •1.2.1. Bodies of state management of occupational safety
- •1.2.2. Occupational safety management system
- •1.3. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.1. Occupational safety training
- •1.3.2. Occupational safety instruction. Types of instruction.
- •1.4. State and common supervision of occupational safety
- •1.4.1. State supervision
- •1.4.2. Public supervision of occupational safety
- •1.5. Principles of accident prevention
- •1.5.1. Accident investigation and recording
- •1.5.2. Occupational disease investigation
- •1.5.3. Accident auditing
- •1.5.4. Accident analysis
- •1.5.5. Risk management
- •1.5.5.1. Hazard identification
- •Inspection worksheet
- •1.5.5.2. Risk assessment
- •1.5.5.3. Risk control
- •Chapter 2 Occupational sanitation and hygiene
- •2.1. Work area microclimate
- •2.1.1. Biological effect of microclimate parameters
- •2.1.2. Meteorological standard
- •2.2. Airborne contamination
- •2.2.1. Biological effect of airborne contaminants
- •2.2.2. Airborne contaminant exposure standard
- •2.3. Ventilation systems
- •2.3.1. Natural ventilation
- •2.3.2. Mechanical ventilation
- •2.3.3. Ventilation system requirements
- •2.4. Heating systems
- •2.5. Illumination of work areas
- •2.5.1. Biological effect and technical characteristics
- •2.5.2. Requirements to work area illumination
- •2.5.3. Types of work area illumination
- •2.5.4. Natural illumination
- •2.5.5. Artificial illumination
- •2.5.6. Artificial illumination standard.
- •2.5.7. Artificial illumination prediction methods
- •2.6. Protection from noise and vibration
- •2.6.1. Noise physical characteristics
- •2.6.2. Noise exposure standard
- •2.6.3. Noise control
- •2.6.4. Infra sound
- •2.6.5. Ultra sound
- •2.6.6. Vibration exposure
- •2.6.7. Vibration control
- •Chapter 3 Electrical safety
- •3.1. Biological effect
- •3.2. Types of electric injury
- •3.3. Why electric injury can be fatal
- •3.4. Basic factors resulting in electric injury
- •3.5. Causes of electric injuries
- •3.6. Assessing risk associated with operating power facity
- •3.6.1. Danger in one-phase power line.
- •3.6.2. Danger in three-phase power line with insulated neutral.
- •3.6.3. Danger in three-phase power line with grounded neutral.
- •3.7. Systems of electric injuries prevention
- •3.7.1. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in normal operation.
- •3.7.2. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in emergency operation.
- •3.8. Electro-protective equipment
- •3.9. First aid on electric injury
- •Chapter 4 Occupational safety regulations
- •4.1. Protection from atmospheric electricity. Lightning-proof category and zone type
- •4.1.1. Lightning-proof installation
- •4.2. Fire safety systems
- •4.2.1. Fire safety
- •4.2.2. Automatic fire detectors installing.
- •4.3. Safety rules for computer operators
- •4.3.1. Visual overloading.
- •4.3.2. Overexertion of skeletal-muscle system.
- •4.3.3. Skin irritation.
- •4.3.4. Central nervous system lesion.
- •4.3.5. Effecting on reproductive function.
- •4.4. Workplace aesthetic.
- •4.5. Occupational safety standards for computer workplace
- •4.6. Prophylaxis of occupational disease
- •4.6.1. Medical examination
- •4.6.2. Nutrition
- •4.6.3. Psychological relaxation
3.7. Systems of electric injuries prevention
Protecting systems applied for power facilities are divided into two groups: those providing safety in normal mode of operation; and those providing safety in emergency mode.
3.7.1. Technical protective systems applied for power facilities in normal operation.
Electric insulation is the layer of non-conductor (dielectric) or the assembly made from dielectric, which covers conductor or separates conductors from each other. Electric power, dielectric loss and electric resistance characterize insulation. Owing to high resistance insulation prevents current passing through it.
To provide reliable work of insulation preventive measures are foreseen. Mechanical damage, moisturizing, chemical substances, dust should be removed. Insulation damage may cause short circuit, which in turn leads to fire or electric injury. That’s why insulation control should be conducted periodically (1 time for 3 years). Insulation resistance is to be measured by megger when tested line is shut down.
Insulation resistance standards are established for different conductors. For the instance, insulation resistance of power and lighting conductors should be not less 0.5 megohm. It’s practicable to use double insulation made from main insulation layer and additional one, which serves to protect from electric injury if the main one is damaged. Double insulation is used in facilities of not high voltage, such as electric drill with plastic case, electric razor and electric fan. However, it does not provide reliable protection in case of touching conductor caused by facility’s case damage or during repairing. Double insulation is also used in power facilities, such as switchboard, switch, socket, plug, glow lamp socket, hand lamps, jack cords, electric measuring instruments, electric manual tools.
One of the protective measures applied for facilities under voltage over 1000 V is using stationary guarding, which is solid and cage. Solid guarding that looks like casing is used in facilities under voltage up to 1000 V. Cage guarding has a door with lock. Guarding also includes temporary portable guarding (shield, insulating cover, insulating cap). Guarding is equipped with cover or door with lock or blocking.
Blocking is automatic mechanism, which prevents not careful or wrong action of the person. Blocking elements are mechanical appliance, detent, figure extrusion, block-contacts purposed to prevent person connection into power line.
Electric blocking allows to shutdown power when facility’s guarding is removed (opening guarding door, cover etc.). Opening door or cover disconnects blocking contacts mounted in. That provides safety even in case of occasionally opening guarding door or cover, since power facility is off.
Setting conductors at the unreachable height or place provides safety without guarding and blocking. Aerial power lines are mounted at the height depending on voltage and location.
Preventing electric injuries is actual on using manual electric tools if conductors’ insulation is damaged and voltage turns up on the case surface. The acceptable limit for the voltage is 42 V. Current caused by voltage under that limit is safe for person. Low voltage is used in local lighting of machine tools, hand lamps, electric tools etc. Voltage up to 12 V is used to supply hand lamps in extremely dangerous areas.
Step-down transformer, accumulator, rectifier, frequency converter and galvanic cell battery produce low voltage.
Equaling potentials is lowering breakaway or pace voltage between points of electric circuit a person may have simultaneous connection to. It is achieved by increasing potential of the ground up to the level of conductor potential.
Equaling potentials is used while one-phase repairing of high voltage power lines.