9 Use the words below to complete the sentences:

Wood finishing refers to the process of embellishing and/or protecting the surface of a wooden material. The process starts with 1) _____ preparation, either by sanding by hand, scraping, or planing. Imperfections or nail holes on the surface may be filled using wood putty or pores may be filled using wood 2) _____. Often, the wood's colour is changed by staining, 3) _____, ammonia fuming and a number of other techniques. To avoid blotching, a barrier coat such as shellac or "wood conditioner" is 4) _____ before the stain. Gel stains are also used to avoid blotching.

Once the wood surface is prepared and stained, a number of 5) _____ of finish may be applied, often sanding between coats. Commonly used wood finishes include wax, shellac, 6) _____ (such as linseed oil or tungoil), lacquer, varnish, or paint. Other finishes called "oil finish" or "Danish oil" are actually thin 7) _____ with a relatively large amount of oil and solvent. Water-based finishes can cause what is called "raising the grain" where surface fuzz emerges and requires sanding down.

Finally the surface may be 8)_____or buffed using steel wool, pumice, rotten stone and other polishing or rubbing 9) _____ depending on the shine desired. Often, a final coat of wax can be applied over the finish to add a slight amount of protection.

Special tools used to apply wood 10) _____ include rags, rubbing pads, brushes, and spray guns.

bleaching, finishes, coats, surface, drying oils, filler, polished, applied, varnishes, compounds

10 Fill in the gaps with derivatives of the words in capitals:

Wood stain is a product 1)_____for protecting wooden surfaces and giving them a decorative finish. Wood staining can be used to obtain the desired colour, to accentuate the 2)_____ beauty and texture of the wood, to imitate precious wood or conceal blue stain damage and other 3)_____. In 4)_____ to that, wood stains are used for protective purposes. The stains for surfaces indoors help to prevent 5)_____ caused by the UV 6)_____; the stains for surfaces outdoors also protect the wood from the adverse effects of weather. Most of wood 7)_____ are transparent or semi-transparent and only tone the wood without masking it, but 8)_____ opaque, fully masking stains are also available. However, even opaque stains leave the texture of the wood visible. Stains are available in a 9)_____of tones from 10) _____wood tones to various bright modern colours.

DESIGN NATURE DEFECT ADD YELLOW RADIATE STAIN NEAR VARY TRADITION

11 Fill in the gaps in the following passage with a suitable preposition given below:

PIGMENT

Two different types of pigment go 1) _____ a can of paint. First are “prime” pigments. These provide color and hide. Second are low-cost “extender” pigments. 2) _____ comparison, they add bulk 3) _____ the product, but have little value as it relates 4) _____ color.

Higher-quality paints have more 5) _____ the all-important, yet more expensive prime pigments – all the things that6) _____ the end give you easier application as well as better durability and color retention.

Pigments are defined as any insoluble solid 7) _____ coating materials. They are typically the colorant portion 8) _____ a coating material, but can also perform other functions.

Some pigments provide corrosion protection, stability in ultraviolet (UV) light, or protection 9) _____ mold, mildew or bacteria. Others can be used 10) _____ conductive ability, texture, or metallic or pearlescent appearance.

by from for in(x2) into of(x2) to(x2)