23. What is your impression of the information given in the text? Express your ideas in 3-4 sentences.

24. In a paragraph of 70-100 words, and using your own words, as far as possible, summarize what the text tells us about the staircases.

25. Find and present additional information on any staircase layouts you like.

Standard staircase layouts are: a) straight flight of stairs; b) 90° turn with a quarter landing; c) 180° turn with a half landing; d) tapered staircase with no landing; e) dog-leg staircase.

WORD LIST

staircase = stairs, n pl	Лестница
string, n	тетива лестницы (наклонные балки, похожие на косоуры, но проступи крепятся к ним изнутри сбоку)
tread, n	Проступь
riser, n	подступень лестницы
balustrade, n	балюстрада, парапет перила
handrail, n	поручни, перила
formwork, n	Опалубка
fire escape	пожарная лестница
bracket, n	скобка, скоба
going, n	проступь, ширина ступени
dimension, n	размер, габариты
flight, n	марш лестницы; пролёт
glue, v	клеить; приклеивать; наклеивать
groove, n; v	проточка; делать выемки; нарезать (прорезать) пазы
nail, n; v	гвоздь; забивать гвозди; прибивать гвоздями
wedge, n;v	клин; забивать клин
strengthen, v	Укреплять
joint, n	соединение; стык
cramp iron	Скоба
carriage, n	косоур (составляющая основную опору лестницы балка лестничного марша, к которой крепятся ступени)
newel post	нижняя стойка лестничных перил
trimmer [trimming] joist	обвязка проёма (в перекрытии)
nosing, n	выступающая кромка (ступени)
baluster, n	балюстра, балясина перил
site, n	строительная площадка

“Our experience of an architectural space is strongly influenced by how we arrive in it.”

Matthew Frederick (architect)

Unit 6 doors

Read the text:

(§1) A door is a movable barrier that separates internal and external spaces. It is usually attached to a frameon one side by hinges. A door provides access, protection, security and privacy. The main parts of a door are labeled in Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Standard Door Parts

(§2) The doors can be made out of different structural pieces:

1. Ledges, braces and battens;

2. Frames, ledges, braces and battens.

Making a ledged, braced and battened door

(§3) This is a very simple door for internal or external use, which is cheap to make (Figure 6.2.) and it consists of the following pieces:

• Tongued, grooved and V-jointed battens measuring 100×10 mm that form the surface of the door. The joints should be vertical;

• Horizontal pieces called ledges measuring about 100×25 mm;

• Diagonal pieces called braces that measure about 100×25 mm. Braces should be fixed so that they slope up away from the hinges.

(§4) When constructing this type of door the following steps should be followed:

1. assemble the battens so that they are the right size for the door.

2. glue the tongues and grooves together.

3. screw or nail the battens to the ledges.

4. cut out and fit the braces between the ledges.

5. nail the battens to the braces.

This type of door does not have any special woodworking joints.

Making a framed, braced, and battened door

(§5) This door is stronger than the ledged, braced and battened door because the battens are set inside a timber frame (Figure 6.3.).The framed, braced, and batteneddoor consists of these pieces:

1. battens that form the surface of the door;

2. a frame with a head rail, bottom rail and two stiles;

3. a ledge;

4. braces.

(§6) The basic steps for constructing this type of door are to:

1. cut and assemble the pieces of the frame to fit the door size;

2. insert the head and bottom rail into recesses in the stiles;

3. fit the braces;

4. nail the battens on the braces and stile.

Figure 6.2 An example of a ledged, braced and battened door	Figure 6.3 An example of a framed, braced and battened door

(§7) The other examples of doors are flush doors and panelled doors.

Flush doors have no projections or recesses on either surface of the door. These doors are usually made of large sheets of plywood or hardboard. They may have glazed panels to allow in some light.

Panelled doors are suitable for internal and external use. They are made from solid timber frames with solid or glazed panels.

Assignments:

26. Present phonetic reading of a paragraph “Making a ledged, braced and battened door” or “Making a framed, braced, and battened door”.

27. Explain the expressions in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionary to help you.

28. Suggest the Russian equivalents:

a door is a movable barrier; to be attached to a frame; to provide access, protection, security and privacy; joints should be vertical; the basic steps; fit the braces; to be made of large sheets; glazed panels.

29. Give the English equivalents:

нижний брус оконной, дверной рамы; порог; верхний, обвязочный брус; нижний брус обвязки дверей; фанера; дверная петля; вертикальный брус дверной коробки; сливная рейка двери; диагональная схватка; шпунт; древесно-волокнистая плита.

30. Read the text again and answer the questions that follow (1-6):

9. What is the definition of the word “door”?

10. What are functions of a door?

11. Can you give the main parts of a door in Russian and in English?

12. What structural pieces of making a door do you know?

13. What are the principal differences between a ledged, braced and battened door and a framed, braced, and battened door?

14. What other types of door do you know?

31. Match the headings to the paragraphs:

1. privacy

2. sound insulation

3. durability

4. security

5. weather resistance

6. fire resistance

7. operation

1. External doors need a minimum gap of 2 mm for free movement. This gap should be sealed with suitable draught and water excluders to make the door weather-resistant.

2. The security of a door depends on the materials used, the quality of the frame and the ironmongery. Internal doors only need to provide minimum security, for example, a bathroom door might be fitted with a simple lock. External doors need to be constructed to high specifications and fitted with high-security locks.

3. Internal doors that separate spaces are usually made of materials that prevent the rapid spread of fire. They are also heavy enough to be self-closing.

4. Heavier doors provide better sound insulation.

5. Solid doors are most private. If some light is needed while retaining privacy, then obscure glass should be fitted.

6. Doors can swing on hinges fixed to door frames. Spring-loaded latches usually hold doors closed. The doors are normally opened with knobs or levers.

7. Doors are in constant use. Their construction should be strong enough to withstand considerable activity. A door should not fall off the edge fixed to a frame under its own weight. External doors should be able to resist climatic extremes, which can cause the shape to warp.