- •Isbn 978-5-7487-1437-2 ббк 81.2Англ.Я7
- •Методическая записка
- •Rendering a Scientific Paper
- •Discussing an Article Starting the Сonversation
- •Discussing the Contents
- •Making things clear
- •Impressions
- •Bioinformatics
- •Biological engineering
- •Bioprocess technology
- •Biotechnology - solution or problem?
- •Branches of biotecnology
- •Cell factories
- •Divisions of biotechnology
- •Elements
- •Genetic engineering technology
- •Modern biotechnology
- •Overview and brief history of biotechnology
- •The definition of biotechnology
- •What is biotechnology?
- •What is the biotech project?
- •Pharmaceutical products
- •Reduced dependence on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals
- •Vitamin
- •Chemical industry
- •Dyes are now classified according to how they are used in the dyeing process
- •Food industry
- •Aspirin
- •Glucose
- •Citric acid
- •Metamizole sodium
- •Ratiopharm
- •Sanofi-aventis
- •Novartis international ag
- •Menarini
- •Merck serono
- •Факультет высшего сестринского образования definition and aims of nursing
- •Documentation of the nursing process
- •From the history of nursing in the usa
- •Nursing care plan
- •Nursing care plan
- •Nursing education in russia
- •Nursing education in the united states
- •Nursing process: four major steps
- •Nursing theory
- •Pain management: non-pharmacological nursing interventions
- •Pressure sores: definition, etiology, prevention and treatment
- •Professional nurses associations
- •Qualities of the caring helper
- •The mission of nursing. Major functions of the nurse
- •Факультет клинической психологии cognitive-behavior therapy
- •Emotion
- •Classification
- •Theories of emotions
- •Neurobiological theories
- •Psychotherapy
- •Emphasizing stress
- •Progressive relaxation
- •Факультет медико-профилактического дела air pollution and health problems
- •Bubonic plaque
- •Classifying water pollution
- •Malaria in russia
- •Ecological problems nowadays
- •Hygiene promotion
- •Keeping fit
- •Pollution control
- •Protect yourself from foodborne illness
- •Russia major infectious diseases
- •Russia water quality
- •Smoking
- •The effects of acid rain
- •Water supply systems
- •World health organization
- •Лечебный и педиатрический факультеты
- •Раздел 1. Учеба на педиатрическом факультете. Педиатрия – моя будущая специальность. Личностные и профессиональные качества детского врача
- •I study at the pediatric faculty
- •The kursk state medical university
- •Becoming a pediatrician
- •Раздел 2. Из истории педиатрии. Современные проблемы педиатрии overview of pediatrics
- •Scope and history of pediatrics
- •Pediatrics
- •Growth of specialization
- •Pediatrics as a science
- •Doctor spock
- •Раздел 3. Рост и развитие ребенка. Педиатрическое обследование и лечение. Общение с больным ребенком
- •Unique character of the pediatric clinical evaluation
- •Guidelines for evaluation
- •Some notions of therapeutics
- •Talking with children
- •Chronic illness in childhood
- •Hospital of the future
- •Факультет социальной работы aspects of social service in russia
- •Clinical social work
- •Definitions
- •Epidemiology
- •Rehabilitation process
- •Rehabilitation team
- •Rehabilitation social worker
- •Personnel needs
- •Developmental stages: psychosocial implications
- •Discharge planning
- •Quality assurance and program evaluation
- •Future implications
- •System of social service of the population
- •The poverty problem
- •Eighty is the new fifty
- •Children of the quake: single kids and orphans
- •Suffer, the children
- •A case of euro envy
- •Dinner for eight
- •Not yet on the medal stand
- •Working with children and their parents
- •Стоматологический факультет temporomandibular joints
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Bruxism
- •Biofeedback
- •Dietary supplements
- •Dental surgery
- •Electric toothbrush
- •Visual Stimuli
- •Orthodontic headgear
- •Pedodontics
- •Early toothpastes
- •Tooth powder
- •Dentistry in the united kingdom
- •Лечебный факультет и факультет экономики и управления здравоохранением activities of who
- •Management is art or science?
- •Evolution of marketing
- •Health and safety advice for russia Health Advice & Necessary Vaccinations.
- •Health system
- •International marketing
- •Culture
- •Political and legal factors
- •Level of economic development
- •Medicine, public health and human rights in russian federation
- •Organizational orientation
- •Principles of the management
- •Recruitment
- •Practical application: Designing a curriculum vitae or resume
- •An example of Curriculum Vitae
- •4 Skills
- •5 Activities
- •6 References
- •The letter of application
- •Russian health system
- •Содержание
- •305041, Г. Курск, ул. К. Маркса, 3.
- •305041, Г. Курск, ул. К. Маркса, 3.
Growth of specialization
The amount of information relevant to child health care is rapidly expanding, and no person can become master of it all. Physicians are increasingly dependent on one another for the highest quality of care for their patients; group practices in pediatrics are common in the United States and, although the vast majority of pediatricians are primary care generalists, as many as 25 % claim an area of special knowledge and skill.
The growth of specialization within pediatrics has taken a number of different forms: Interests in problems of age groups of children have created neonatology and adolescent medicine; interests in organ systems have created pediatrics cardiology, allergy, hematology, nephrology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, endocrinology, and specialization in metabolism and genetics; interests in the health care system have created pediatricians devoted to ambulatory care on the one hand or to intensive care on the other; and finally, multidisciplinary subspecialties have grown up around the problems of handicapped children, to which pediatrics, neurology, psychiatry, psychology, nursing, physical and occupational therapy, special education, speech therapy, audiology, and nutrition all make essential contributions. This growth of specialization has been most conspicuous in university-affiliated departments of pediatrics and medical centers for children
Pediatrics as a science
The major developments in pediatrics, the special branch of medical science that deals with the prevention and treatment of diseases of children, took place after the turn of the 20'h century. Prior to that time there existed but little exact knowledge of the special problems of child health. Infants and young children were regarded merely as miniature adults whose physical, mental and emotional disorders required no special consideration beyond that afforded mature persons. As a result of this attitude and the undeveloped state of medical science and practice, the incidence of disease and mortality rates among children were appalling: 20% to 40% of all infants born alive died during the first year of life. Of the total deaths in the entire population 3 out 4 occurred in children under 12 years. However, as a result of revolutionary advances in the field of pediatrics and intensive application of sound public health principles, death rates among children in the more advanced parts of the world had been reduced.
One of the most important steps in the progress of modern pediatrics was the recognition by medical practitioners of certain fundamental differences between the child and the adult. Because of' his state of immaturity, the infant or young child differs from the mature person physiologically, psychologically, immunologically and anatomically. The constant changes in functional patterns incident to growth and development impose different standards for health appraisal and for nutritional medicinal and other health requirements in the very young throughout the wide range of diseases affecting infants and children, the concept of prevention predominates that of treatment in the mind of the properly oriented physician. Fortunately, advances in the sciences of genetics, nutrition, microbiology, immunology, epidemiology, hygiene and sanitation made it possible for medical practitioners and public health officers to exercise a large measure of control over many of the most devastating physical diseases. Improvements in diagnostic laboratory techniques together with revolutionary developments in pediatric surgery and treatment with drugs and immune blood serums reduced the dire effects of certain nonpreventable diseases to a minimum as well.
The diseases that affect infants and children may be classified according to the nature of their cases, the particular organ systems primarily involved or a combination of these methods.
Since pediatrics is based upon the concepts of growth and development of the individual, the pediatric physician must take into account all factors known to influence the orderly course of these normal processes from the moments of conception throughout the periods of infancy, childhood, and adolescence. For example, such determining factors as heredity, prenatal influences (including maternal illness) and injuries incident to the process of birth explain most cases referred to as diseases of the newborn.