- •Isbn 978-5-7487-1437-2 ббк 81.2Англ.Я7
- •Методическая записка
- •Rendering a Scientific Paper
- •Discussing an Article Starting the Сonversation
- •Discussing the Contents
- •Making things clear
- •Impressions
- •Bioinformatics
- •Biological engineering
- •Bioprocess technology
- •Biotechnology - solution or problem?
- •Branches of biotecnology
- •Cell factories
- •Divisions of biotechnology
- •Elements
- •Genetic engineering technology
- •Modern biotechnology
- •Overview and brief history of biotechnology
- •The definition of biotechnology
- •What is biotechnology?
- •What is the biotech project?
- •Pharmaceutical products
- •Reduced dependence on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals
- •Vitamin
- •Chemical industry
- •Dyes are now classified according to how they are used in the dyeing process
- •Food industry
- •Aspirin
- •Glucose
- •Citric acid
- •Metamizole sodium
- •Ratiopharm
- •Sanofi-aventis
- •Novartis international ag
- •Menarini
- •Merck serono
- •Факультет высшего сестринского образования definition and aims of nursing
- •Documentation of the nursing process
- •From the history of nursing in the usa
- •Nursing care plan
- •Nursing care plan
- •Nursing education in russia
- •Nursing education in the united states
- •Nursing process: four major steps
- •Nursing theory
- •Pain management: non-pharmacological nursing interventions
- •Pressure sores: definition, etiology, prevention and treatment
- •Professional nurses associations
- •Qualities of the caring helper
- •The mission of nursing. Major functions of the nurse
- •Факультет клинической психологии cognitive-behavior therapy
- •Emotion
- •Classification
- •Theories of emotions
- •Neurobiological theories
- •Psychotherapy
- •Emphasizing stress
- •Progressive relaxation
- •Факультет медико-профилактического дела air pollution and health problems
- •Bubonic plaque
- •Classifying water pollution
- •Malaria in russia
- •Ecological problems nowadays
- •Hygiene promotion
- •Keeping fit
- •Pollution control
- •Protect yourself from foodborne illness
- •Russia major infectious diseases
- •Russia water quality
- •Smoking
- •The effects of acid rain
- •Water supply systems
- •World health organization
- •Лечебный и педиатрический факультеты
- •Раздел 1. Учеба на педиатрическом факультете. Педиатрия – моя будущая специальность. Личностные и профессиональные качества детского врача
- •I study at the pediatric faculty
- •The kursk state medical university
- •Becoming a pediatrician
- •Раздел 2. Из истории педиатрии. Современные проблемы педиатрии overview of pediatrics
- •Scope and history of pediatrics
- •Pediatrics
- •Growth of specialization
- •Pediatrics as a science
- •Doctor spock
- •Раздел 3. Рост и развитие ребенка. Педиатрическое обследование и лечение. Общение с больным ребенком
- •Unique character of the pediatric clinical evaluation
- •Guidelines for evaluation
- •Some notions of therapeutics
- •Talking with children
- •Chronic illness in childhood
- •Hospital of the future
- •Факультет социальной работы aspects of social service in russia
- •Clinical social work
- •Definitions
- •Epidemiology
- •Rehabilitation process
- •Rehabilitation team
- •Rehabilitation social worker
- •Personnel needs
- •Developmental stages: psychosocial implications
- •Discharge planning
- •Quality assurance and program evaluation
- •Future implications
- •System of social service of the population
- •The poverty problem
- •Eighty is the new fifty
- •Children of the quake: single kids and orphans
- •Suffer, the children
- •A case of euro envy
- •Dinner for eight
- •Not yet on the medal stand
- •Working with children and their parents
- •Стоматологический факультет temporomandibular joints
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Bruxism
- •Biofeedback
- •Dietary supplements
- •Dental surgery
- •Electric toothbrush
- •Visual Stimuli
- •Orthodontic headgear
- •Pedodontics
- •Early toothpastes
- •Tooth powder
- •Dentistry in the united kingdom
- •Лечебный факультет и факультет экономики и управления здравоохранением activities of who
- •Management is art or science?
- •Evolution of marketing
- •Health and safety advice for russia Health Advice & Necessary Vaccinations.
- •Health system
- •International marketing
- •Culture
- •Political and legal factors
- •Level of economic development
- •Medicine, public health and human rights in russian federation
- •Organizational orientation
- •Principles of the management
- •Recruitment
- •Practical application: Designing a curriculum vitae or resume
- •An example of Curriculum Vitae
- •4 Skills
- •5 Activities
- •6 References
- •The letter of application
- •Russian health system
- •Содержание
- •305041, Г. Курск, ул. К. Маркса, 3.
- •305041, Г. Курск, ул. К. Маркса, 3.
Dentistry in the united kingdom
An NHS dentist performing an examination
In the United Kingdom, dentists complete 5 years of undergraduate study to earn a B.D.S. or BChD degree. After graduating most dentists will enter a V.T. (vocational training) scheme, of either 1 or 2 years length, to receive their full National Health Service registration. Dentists must register with the G.D.C. (General Dental Council), and meet their requirements as the governing body of the profession, before being allowed to practice.
See List of dental schools in the United Kingdom
Dentistry in the United States
In the United States dentistry is generally practiced by dentists who have completed a post-graduate course of professional education. With exception of rural Alaska, Dental therapists are not permitted to practice in the United States. Use of dental therapists, dental health aids, or dental hygienists to independently perform routine fillings or cleaning is strongly opposed by the American Dental Association, (the A.D.A.), the dentists' professional association. This has resulted in excellent but high-priced treatment which, however, fails to delivers services at a reasonable price to the lower social classes. With only a few exceptions, neither government-sponsored health care programs such as Medicare nor Medicaid cover routine dental treatment. As a result large sections of the population do without. The worst conditions are in Kentucky and West Virginia.
Rates for dental services have been rising rapidly, out pacing the rate of inflation. After falling for many years, the percentage of both adults and children with unfilled cavities began to rise in 2000 as did the percentage of adults with no teeth. Increasingly, people with adequate income to pay the fees are forgoing treatment.
Dental therapists
Outside the United States, more than 50 countries allow technicians called dental therapists to drill and fill cavities, usually in children. In the U.S., state boards of dentistry have blocked dental therapists from working, arguing that only dentists should be allowed to drill teeth, because it is an “irreversible surgical procedure” and "can lead to serious complications like infections or nerve damage".
Dental education in the United States
There are limited opportunities for dental education in the United States with only 4,440 graduating in 2003, down from 5,750 in 1982. There is little or no movement on the part of the American Dental Association, the ADA, or the states to expand dental education. Due to the hands-on training required, dental education is expensive and is not subsidized by the federal government.
In the United States, dentists earn either a D.D.S. (Doctor of Dental Surgery) or D.M.D. (Doctor of Dental Medicine) degree. There is no difference in the training for either degree. The degrees are equivalent, and recognized equally by all state boards of dentistry. There are 56 Accredited Dental schools in the United States requiring 4 years of post graduate study (except for one unique 3 year program at the University of the Pacific). Most applicants to dental school have attained at least a B.S. or B.A. degree, however, a small percentage are admitted after only fulfilling specific prerequisite courses. So unlike many other countries (other than US, Canada, and Australia), it usually takes more than 8 years to become a dentist. (List of dental schools in the United States) The difference relates to the history involved in the division of medicine and surgery in medical practice. There has been a recent movement to include a 5th year of education or residency that focuses on purely practical training in the clinical setting. In at least one state, New York, a state dental license can be received without taking the licensing exam (State Board Exam) upon completing this additional year of training (usually in the form of a GPR or AEGD).
Licensure is organized on three levels in most areas. All dentists must pass National Boards, Regional Boards, and then take a jurisprudence exam accepted by their state to fulfill their requirements to get a state license. Although a state license is only valid in the issuing state, because of the regional boards a dentist may be able to apply for licensure in any other state within the jurisdiction of their regional board. There are many cooperative agreements between states that allow recognition of another state's license so as to procure a license either via "licensure by credentials" or "licensure by reciprocity." Although a national licensure exam has yet to be made, the American Dental Association (ADA) has worked with education and examining groups to form such an exam.
A dentist may go on for further training in a dental specialty which require an additional 1 to 7 years of post-doctoral training. There are 9 recognized dental specialties. They are Endodontics (root canal treatment), Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Pediatric Dentistry, Periodontics (gums), Prosthodontics (complicated dental reconstruction), Orthodontics (moving teeth), Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (surgery of the mouth and face), and Dental Public Health. There is no specialty in esthetic dentistry or implantology, and no additional training is required for a dentist to make the claim of being an esthetic or cosmetic dentist. Dentists are forbidden to claim that they are specialists in areas of practice in which there is no recognized specialty. They may limit their practices to a single area of dentistry, and claim that their practice is limited to that area.
Any general dentist may perform those procedures designated within the enumerated specialties if they deem themselves competent. Many general dentists train in certain aspects of the above specialties such as the placement and restoration of dental implants, advanced prosthodontics and endodontics, and have limited or heavily focused their practices to these areas. When a general dentist performs any procedure that falls within the realm of a specialty, they are expected to perform with the same level of expertise as a certified specialist and are legally held to such standards with respect to any issues of malpractice.