English-English-Russian Glossary

with usage samples

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* Stressed vowels are underlined * Abbreviations: ADJ – an adjective; ADV – an adverb; AmE – American English; BrE – British English; C – a countable noun; MODAL – a modal verb or a modal form/meaning; N – a noun; PH V – a phrasal verb; pl. – plural; PREP – a preposition; sb – somebody; sing. – singular; sth – something; SYN – a synonym; U – an uncountable noun; V – a verb

páragraph 1

1. public relations (PR) noun/phrase 1 [Using.] the business of giving the public information about a particular organization or person in order to create a good impression: She works in public relations; The move was good public relations; George is a public relations officer; ... a public relations exercise

2 [pl.] the state of the relationship between an organization and the public:

Sponsoring the local team is good for public relations; Limiting casualties is

important for public relations.

■ 1 пиáр; работа по установлению связей с общественностью; связь с

общественностью 2 отношение общественности, общественное мнение

(об организации)

2. in transition phrase in the process of changing: This course is useful for students who are in transition (= in the process of changing) from one training programme to another.

■ здесь: профессия, находящаяся на стыке нескольких

профессиональных функций

3. environment [C/U] all the circumstances, people, things, and events around us that influence our life: The moral characters of our people are formed not by heredity but by environment; The twins were seperated at birth and brought up in entirely different environments; If our environment cools, then messages from the skin alert the body’s thermostat.

■ среда, окружение; среда обитания; окружающая среда

4. rapid [ADJ] 1 a short period of time; 2 done or happening very quickly: 1 rapid change/expansion/growth; a rapid rise/decline in sales; The patient made a rapid recovery. 2 a rapid pulse/heartbeat; The guard fired four shots in rapid succession; The disease is spreading at a rapid rate.

■ быстрый, скорый, стремительный; поспешный

5. change 1 [U] the act or result of sth becoming different: She is someone who hates change; social/political/economic change ■ перемена/-ы (смена; изменение/-я)

2 [C] the fact of a situation, a place or an experience being different from

what is usual and therefore likely to be interesting, enjoyable, etc.: Finishing

early was a welcome change; Let’s stay in tonight for a change; It’s make a

change to read some good news for once.

■ разнообразие

3 [C] the process of replacing sth with sth new or different: a change of

address; The country needs a change of government; Let’s get away for the

weekend: a change of scene will do you good.

■ смена, изменение

6. change (changes, changing, changed) [V] 1 to become different: Rick hasn’t changed. He looks exactly the same as he did at school; Her life changed completely when she won the lottery. ■ изменяться 2 to make sb/sth different: Fame hasn’t really changed him; Information technology has changed the way people work. ■ изменять 3 to pass or make sb/sth pass from one state or form into another: Wait for the traffic lights to change; The lights changed from red to green. ■ сменять(ся); менять (одно на другое) 4 to stop having one state, position or direction and start having another: Leaves change colour in autumn; The wind has changed direction; Our ship changed course. ■ менять

7. practitioner [C] 1 a person who works in a profession, especially in medicine or law: dental/legal practitioners; a qualified practitioner 2 a person who regularly does a particular activity, especially one that requires skill: one of the greatest practitioners of science fiction.

■ практик ► Ср. ниже № 2.22.

8. possess (possesses, possessing, possessed) [V] (not used in the progressive tenses) 1 to have or own sth: He was charged with possessing a shotgun without a licence; I’m afraid this is the only suitcase I possess; The gallery possesses a number of the artist’s early works. 2 to have a particular quality or feature: I’m afraid, he doesn’t possess a sence of humour; He credited her with a maturity she did not possess. 3 [usually passive] (of a feeling, an emotion, etc.) to have a powerful effect on sb and control the way that they think, behave, etc.: A terrible fear possessed her. 4 (used in negative sentences and questions) to make sb do sth that seems strange or unreasonable: What possessed him to say such a thing?

■ 1 обладать, владеть; 2 обладать, иметь; 3 овладевать, захватывать;

4 заставлять, вынуждать

9. (communications) expertise [U] special skill or knowledge that is acquired by training, study, or practice: The problem is that most local authorities lack the expertise to deal sensibly in this market.

■ знания и опыт работы (в сфере коммуникации)

10. sensitivity [U] here: the ability to measure very small changes

■ восприимчивость, чувствительность

11. adapt (adapts, adapting, adapted) [V] here: to change your behaviour in order to deal more successfully with a new situation SYN: adjust: We have had to adapt quickly to the new system; A large organization can be slow to adapt to change.

■ адаптироваться, приспосабливаться (к чему-л. новому)

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12. in many ways phrase You use way in expressions such as in many ways, in some ways, and in every way to indicate the degree or extent to which a statement is true: In many/some ways, the official opening is a formality; She described her lover as ‘perfect in every way’.

■ во многих отношениях (в некоторых отношениях; во всех

отношениях)

12. no longer phrase used to say that sth which was possible or true before, is not now: I can’t wait any longer; He no longer lives here. ■ больше не

12. mere (technicians) [ADJ] NB: Mere does not have a comparative form. The superlative form merest is used to emphasize how small sth is, rather than in comparisons. You use mere to emphasize how important or inadequate sth is, in comparison to the general situation you are describing: ...successful exhibitions which go beyond mere success; There is more to good health than the mere absence of disease; In Poland, the faith has always meant more than mere religion; She’d never received the merest hint of any communication from him.

■ простой, чистый; (всего) лишь; только; (для усиления) не более чем,

никакой, ни малейшего (представления и т.п.)

12. technician [C] someone whose job involves skilled practical work with (scientific/technical) equipment, or someone who is very good at the detailed aspects of his/her activity: ...a laboratory technichician; ...a versitile player, a superb technician.

■ специалист, техник, (квалифицированный) исполнитель; лаборант

12. shape (shapes, shaping, shaped) [V] here: give an object a particular shape, structure, form, view, using your hands, tools, or your qualification

■ придавать форму, вид; систематизировать; оформлять

12. transmit (transmits, transmitting, transmitted) [V] to send information (any messages, computer data, etc.) from one place to another, using any means of communication: The information is electronically transmitted to schools, colleges and universities; This is currently the most efficient way to transmit certain types of data like electronic mail; The device is not designed to transmit to satellites; The message they are transmitting to their clients is very different from that of the previous one.

■ передавать; отправлять

12. public [N] ► 1 the public people in general; can be followed by a singular or plural verb: The house was first opened to the public in the 1960s; The public wants tougher sentences for terrorists; The regulations should be written in plain English that the publics can understand; Privatizing the railways was not in the best interests of the public. ■ общественность, народ ► 2 public You can refer to a set of people in a country who share a common interest, activity, or characteristic as a particular kind of public: Market research showed that 93% of the viewing public wanted a hit film channel. ► 2а В тексте: phrase sb’s public the people who are your clients; or watch a particular performer, read books by a particular writer, etc.: He knows how to please his public ■ определённый круг лиц (группа людей); публика

12. critical dimension phrase ■ решающая характеристика/сторона; определяющий показатель/аспект

12. management [U] 1 the control and operation of a business or organization: In this company we have a new approach to management; The heart of effective management is communication. 1a [singular/U] the people who control and operate a business or organization (can be followed by a singular or plural verb): All management (pl.) recognize that...; The management (sing.) of the company meets the workers to decide...; Talks between management and pilots ended in disagreement over pay cuts; ...a strong management team; Senior management hired a consultant to do the study. 2 the process of controlling or managing something: The management of the office is a very important job. 3 phrases: under new management The restaurant is now under new management; management of ...an attack on the government’s management of the economy.

■ управление (планирование, регулирование, контроль), заведование;

руководство, менеджмент; дирекция, администрация; организация

производства

12. recognize (recognizes, recognizing, recognized) [V] (not usually progressive) ► here: to accept that sth is true or important: Most fishermen recognize the need to limit fishing; The importance of his contribution is generally recognized; R + (that) We recognize that there are some problems with the current system

■ признавать, принимать, одобрять; понимать

12. practice (AmE); practise (BrE) (practises, practising, practised) [V] 1 to repeat an activity regularly so that you become better at it: How many hours a day do you practice/practise? 2 to do sth regularly, especially as a particular profession, habit, or tradition: The earliest colonists of the Amazon seem to have practiced/practised farming; She completed her medical training, though she never practiced/practised.

■ практиковать, заниматься (чем-л.); соблюдать (обычаи); исповедовать

(религию) ► Ср. выше № 1.7.

12. should [MODAL] (negative forms: should not, shouldn’t) 1 used to show what is right, appropriate, etc., especially when critisizing sb’s actions: You shouldn’t drink and drive; He should have been more careful.

2 used for giving and asking for advice: You should stop worrying about it; Should I call him and apologize?; I should wait a little longer, if I were you; (ironic) ‘She doesn’t think she’ll get a job’. ‘She should worry, with all her qualifications (= she doesn’t need to worry).’

3 used to say that you expect sth is true or will happen: We should arrive before dark; I should have finished the book by Friday; The roads should be less crowded today.

4 used to say that sth (that was expected) has not happened: It should be snowing now, according to the weather forecast; The bus should have arrived ten minutes ago.

5 (BrE formal) used after I or we instead of would for describing what you would do if sth else happened first: If I were asked to work on Sundays, I should resign.

6 (formal) used to refer to a possible event or situation: If you should change your mind, do let me know; In case you need any help, here’s my number; Should anyone call (= If anyone calls), please tell them I’m busy.

7 used as the past form of shall when reporting what sb has said: He asked me what time he should come (= His words were: ‘What time shall I come?’); (BrE formally) I said (that) I should be glad to help.

8 (BrE) used after that when sth is suggested or arranged: She recommended that I should take some time off; In order that training should be effective it must be planned systematically. HELP: In both AmE and BrE this idea can be expressed without ‘should’: She recommended that I take some time off; In order that training be effective...

9 used after that after many adjectives that describe feelings: I’m anxious that we should allow plenty of time; I find it astonishing that he should be so rude to you.

10 (BrE formal) used with I and we in polite requests: I should like to call my lawyer...; We should be grateful for your help.

11 used with I and we to give opinions that you are not certain about: I should imagine it will take about three hours; ‘Is this enough food for everyone?’ - ‘I should think so’; ‘Will it matter?’ - ‘I shouldn’t think so.’

12 used for expressing strong agreement: ‘I know it’s expensive but it will last for years.’ - ‘I should hope so too!’; ‘Nobody will oppose it.’ - ‘I should think not!’

13 Why, How, What + should + sb/sth do used to refuse sth or to show that you are annoyed at a request; used to express surprise about an event or a situation: Why should I help him? He’s never done anything for me; How should I know where you’ve left your bag?; I got on the bus and who should be sitting in front of me but Tony!

14 used to tell sb that sth would amuse or surprise them if they saw or experienced it: You should have seen her face when she found out!