2. Read the text, translate it:

All cargo ships are divided into dry-cargo carriers and liquid cargo carriers. There are also OBO ships carrying both dry and liquid cargo.

Example of liquid cargo carriers are oil tankers, liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers and chemical carriers.

Dry cargo ships, in their turn, are divided into universal vessels, designed to carry all types of cargo, and specialized vessels designed to carry one particular type of cargo . They are fruit ships, gas - carriers, timber-carriers, barge-carriers, ferries, reefers. A tug is a special purpose ship, it assists ships in entering and leaving ports. An ice-breaker conducts ships through the ice. A salvage ship gives assistance to the ships in distress.

Universal ships are liners and tramps. Liners are intended to carry general cargo, packaged cargo, containers, and also, in dependence of the route, special, liquid and refrigerated cargoes. Tramps are designed , as a rule, to carry bulk cargoes and timber, but can also carry general cargo if necessary. These ships must be of sufficient size to carry a profitable cargo and must be able to cope with bad weather conditions in any ocean; they must not be too large to enter the smaller ports of the world. Their cargo spaces are holds, tweendecks and deeptanks. Holds and tweendecks are used to carry general and bulk cargoes. Deeptanks may be of two types. The first type is designed to carry liquids only. The second type is designed to carry liquid and dry cargoes in turn. Empty deeptanks are also used for liquid ballast. Liners may have special cargo spaces (to carry valuable or dangerous goods, etc.) and refrigerated cargo spaces.

Depending on the cargo handling method cargo ships may be divided into: LO/LO (lift on ,lift off) using cranes and derricks for loading and discharging; RO/RO ( roll on, roll off) vessels using rolled vehicles for loading and discharging and FO/FO ( float on, float off) vessels using docking method of loading and discharging. These three trends of specialized ships are very popular. RO/RO ships have bow and stern doors and adjustable steel ramps which permit vehicles to drive on board and drive off again. They require minimum dock-side facilities.

FO/FO ships include barge-carrier and LASH (Lighter Aboard Ship). There are some advantages of this type of ship: 1) rapid loading and unloading; 2) barge carrier can anchor and moor clear of quays and thus avoid port congestion.

3. Answer the questions:

1. How can merchant ships be classified?

2. What are two possible ways of classification of cargo ships?

3. What examples of dry cargo carriers and liquid cargo ones do you know?

4. What is the difference between universal ships and specialized ships?

5. What are liners?

6. What are tramps?

7. What cargo spaces have liners (tramps)?

8. How can all ships be classified depending on cargo-handling method?

9. What are the examples of Fo-Fo ships?

10. What are the advantages of Ro-Ro ships?

4. Retell the text about types of ships.