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Файл:FrameworksForThinking.pdf
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- •Contents
- •Authors
- •Foreword
- •Acknowledgments
- •Introduction
- •Selection of frameworks
- •Description and evaluation of individual frameworks
- •How to use this handbook
- •Overview of what follows
- •Chapter 1 The nature of thinking and thinking skills
- •Chapter 2 Lists, inventories, groups, taxonomies and frameworks
- •Chapter 3 Frameworks dealing with instructional design
- •Chapter 4 Frameworks dealing with productive thinking
- •Chapter 5 Frameworks dealing with cognitive structure and/or development
- •Chapter 6 Seven ‘all-embracing’ frameworks
- •Chapter 7 Moving from understanding to productive thinking: implications for practice
- •Perspectives on thinking
- •What is thinking?
- •Metacognition and self-regulation
- •Psychological perspectives
- •Sociological perspectives
- •Philosophical perspectives
- •Descriptive or normative?
- •Thinking skills and critical thinking
- •Thinking skills in education
- •Teaching thinking: programmes and approaches
- •Developments in instructional design
- •Bringing order to chaos
- •Objects of study
- •Frameworks
- •Lists
- •Groups
- •Taxonomies
- •Utility
- •Taxonomies and models
- •Maps, charts and diagrams
- •Examples
- •Bloom’s taxonomy
- •Guilford’s structure of intellect model
- •Gerlach and Sullivan’s taxonomy
- •Conclusion
- •Introduction
- •Time sequence of the instructional design frameworks
- •Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives (cognitive domain) (1956)
- •Feuerstein’s theory of mediated learning through Instrumental Enrichment (1957)
- •Ausubel and Robinson’s six hierarchically-ordered categories (1969)
- •Williams’ model for developing thinking and feeling processes (1970)
- •Hannah and Michaelis’ comprehensive framework for instructional objectives (1977)
- •Stahl and Murphy’s domain of cognition taxonomic system (1981)
- •Biggs and Collis’ SOLO taxonomy (1982)
- •Quellmalz’s framework of thinking skills (1987)
- •Presseisen’s models of essential, complex and metacognitive thinking skills (1991)
- •Merrill’s instructional transaction theory (1992)
- •Anderson and Krathwohl’s revision of Bloom’s taxonomy (2001)
- •Gouge and Yates’ Arts Project taxonomies of arts reasoning and thinking skills (2002)
- •Description and evaluation of the instructional design frameworks
- •Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives: cognitive domain
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Description and intended use
- •Intellectual skills
- •Cognitive strategies
- •Motor skills
- •Attitudes
- •Evaluation
- •Ausubel and Robinson’s six hierarchically-ordered categories
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Williams’ model for developing thinking and feeling processes
- •Description and intended use
- •Cognitive behaviours
- •Affective behaviours
- •Evaluation
- •Hannah and Michaelis’ comprehensive framework for instructional objectives
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Stahl and Murphy’s domain of cognition taxonomic system
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Biggs and Collis’ SOLO taxonomy: Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Quellmalz’s framework of thinking skills
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Presseisen’s models of essential, complex and metacognitive thinking skills
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Merrill’s instructional transaction theory
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Anderson and Krathwohl’s revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives
- •Description and intended use
- •Changes in emphasis
- •Changes in terminology
- •Changes in structure
- •Evaluation
- •Gouge and Yates’ ARTS Project taxonomies of arts reasoning and thinking skills
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Some issues for further investigation
- •Introduction
- •Time sequence of the productive-thinking frameworks
- •Altshuller’s TRIZ Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (1956)
- •Allen, Feezel and Kauffie’s taxonomy of critical abilities related to the evaluation of verbal arguments (1967)
- •De Bono’s lateral and parallel thinking tools (1976 / 85)
- •Halpern’s reviews of critical thinking skills and dispositions (1984)
- •Baron’s model of the good thinker (1985)
- •Ennis’ taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abilities (1987)
- •Lipman’s modes of thinking and four main varieties of cognitive skill (1991/95)
- •Paul’s model of critical thinking (1993)
- •Jewell’s reasoning taxonomy for gifted children (1996)
- •Petty’s six-phase model of the creative process (1997)
- •Bailin’s intellectual resources for critical thinking (1999b)
- •Description and evaluation of productive-thinking frameworks
- •Description and intended use
- •Problem Definition: in which the would-be solver comes to an understanding of the problem
- •Selecting a Problem-Solving Tool
- •Generating solutions: using the tools
- •Solution evaluation
- •Evaluation
- •Allen, Feezel and Kauffie’s taxonomy of concepts and critical abilities related to the evaluation of verbal arguments
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •De Bono’s lateral and parallel thinking tools
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Halpern’s reviews of critical thinking skills and dispositions
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Baron’s model of the good thinker
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Ennis’ taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abilities
- •Description and intended use
- •Dispositions
- •Abilities
- •Clarify
- •Judge the basis for a decision
- •Infer
- •Make suppositions and integrate abilities
- •Use auxiliary critical thinking abilities
- •Evaluation
- •Lipman’s three modes of thinking and four main varieties of cognitive skill
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Paul’s model of critical thinking
- •Description and intended use
- •Elements of reasoning
- •Standards of critical thinking
- •Intellectual abilities
- •Intellectual traits
- •Evaluation
- •Jewell’s reasoning taxonomy for gifted children
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Petty’s six-phase model of the creative process
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Bailin’s intellectual resources for critical thinking
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Some issues for further investigation
- •Introduction
- •Time sequence of theoretical frameworks of cognitive structure and/or development
- •Piaget’s stage model of cognitive development (1950)
- •Guilford’s Structure of Intellect model (1956)
- •Perry’s developmental scheme (1968)
- •Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences (1983)
- •Koplowitz’s theory of adult cognitive development (1984)
- •Belenky’s ‘Women’s Ways of Knowing’ developmental model (1986)
- •Carroll’s three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities (1993)
- •Demetriou’s integrated developmental model of the mind (1993)
- •King and Kitchener’s model of reflective judgment (1994)
- •Pintrich’s general framework for self-regulated learning (2000)
- •Theories of executive function
- •Description and evaluation of theoretical frameworks of cognitive structure and/or development
- •Piaget’s stage model of cognitive development
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Guilford’s Structure of Intellect model
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Perry’s developmental scheme
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Koplowitz’s theory of adult cognitive development
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Belenky’s ‘Women’s Ways of Knowing’ developmental model
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Carroll’s three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Demetriou’s integrated developmental model of the mind
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •King and Kitchener’s model of reflective judgment
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Pintrich’s general framework for self-regulated learning
- •Description and intended use
- •Regulation of cognition
- •Cognitive planning and activation
- •Cognitive monitoring
- •Cognitive control and regulation
- •Cognitive reaction and reflection
- •Regulation of motivation and affect
- •Motivational planning and activation
- •Motivational monitoring
- •Motivational control and regulation
- •Motivational reaction and reflection
- •Regulation of behaviour
- •Behavioural forethought, planning and action
- •Behavioural monitoring and awareness
- •Behavioural control and regulation
- •Behavioural reaction and reflection
- •Regulation of context
- •Contextual forethought, planning and activation
- •Contextual monitoring
- •Contextual control and regulation
- •Contextual reaction and reflection
- •Evaluation
- •Theories of executive function
- •Description and potential relevance for education
- •Evaluation
- •Some issues for further investigation
- •6 Seven ‘all-embracing’ frameworks
- •Introduction
- •Time sequence of the all-embracing frameworks
- •Romiszowski’s analysis of knowledge and skills (1981)
- •Wallace and Adams’‘ Thinking Actively in a Social Context’ model (1990)
- •Jonassen and Tessmer’s taxonomy of learning outcomes (1996/7)
- •Hauenstein’s conceptual framework for educational objectives (1998)
- •Vermunt and Verloop’s categorisation of learning activities (1999)
- •Marzano’s new taxonomy of educational objectives (2001a; 2001b)
- •Sternberg’s model of abilities as developing expertise (2001)
- •Description and evaluation of seven all-embracing frameworks
- •Romiszowski’s analysis of knowledge and skills
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Jonassen and Tessmer’s taxonomy of learning outcomes
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Hauenstein’s conceptual framework for educational objectives
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Vermunt and Verloop’s categorisation of learning activities
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Marzano’s new taxonomy of educational objectives
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Sternberg’s model of abilities as developing expertise
- •Description and intended use
- •Evaluation
- •Some issues for further investigation
- •Overview
- •How are thinking skills classified?
- •Domain
- •Content
- •Process
- •Psychological aspects
- •Using thinking skills frameworks
- •Which frameworks are best suited to specific applications?
- •Developing appropriate pedagogies
- •Other applications of the frameworks and models
- •In which areas is there extensive or widely accepted knowledge?
- •In which areas is knowledge very limited or highly contested?
- •Constructing an integrated framework
- •Summary
- •References
- •Index
Acknowledgments
This handbook could not have been produced without the foresight and support of the Learning and Skills Development Agency (LSDA). They funded a large part of the research on which the handbook is based, seeking to provide a sound theoretical basis for post-16 teaching and learning. They hold the copyright of material taken (with permission) from our 2004 report: Thinking skill frameworks for post-16 learners: an evaluation.
Thanks are also due to two members of our original team (Mei Lin and Sue Robson) who have not contributed directly to the present volume. The Centre for Learning and Teaching at Newcastle University and the School of Education and Lifelong Learning at Sunderland University have provided support and encouragement throughout.
We are grateful to Diane Halpern, Robert Marzano, Paul Pintrich and Robert Sternberg for providing feedback on early drafts.
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