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5.4. A) Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passages below. B) Think of examples from real life to illustrate each case. A) The Outbreak of War

deteriorate mobilise hostile acts declare war clashes

aggression outbreak forces ultimatum retaliate

For years there were border (a) ______between troops of country X and those of country Z. Then (b) ______ from X attacked a village in Z. Z accused X of (c) ______ and began to (d) ______ in readiness for possible war. X warned Z: “If you carry out (e) ______ against us, we will (f) ______.” But there was more fighting on the border. The situation begun to (g) ______. X delivered an (h) ______ to Z. “If you do not promise to respect our borders, we will (i) ______.” Finally came the (j) ______of war.

B) Peace Making

withdraw intermediary targets neutral peace treaty

get involved intervene ceasefire civilian peace-keeping force

After months of fighting, during which (a) ______ as well as military (b) ______ were bombed, country X asked country Y, which had remained (c) ______ during the hostilities, to act as an (d) ______, but Y decided not to (e) ______. X then asked the United Nations to (f) ______. The United Nations managed to arrange a (g) ______and stationed a multi-national (h) ______ between the two opposing armies. After weeks of talks, the two countries finally signed a (i) ______ and the UN troops were able to (j) ______.

5.5. Explain the difference between the following.

(a) to advance and to retreat (e) conventional war and nuclear war

(b) liberating war and civil war (f) an ally and an enemy

(c) absolute poverty and relative poverty

(d) GDP and GNP

5.6. Put one of the following words in each space in the sentences below.

as on in for out between

1. X declared war ______ Z.

2. Troops are moving ______ readiness ______ an attack.

3. Y didn’t want to get involved ______ the fighting.

4. The Second World War broke ______ in 1939.

5. Canada acted ______ an intermediary ______ the argument.

6. War planes carried ______ an attack.

7. The peace-keeping force remained ______ the two enemy armies during peace

talks, then withdrew.

5.7. Read the passage from the New Internationalist (1999) and match the words in bold to their definitions after the text. Changes in Attitudes to War

One area in which great changes occurred in the twentieth century is in the public attitude to war and peace. The vocabulary in which war is spoken about has ceased to be one of courage, patriotism and pride, and has instead become one of failure or of unimaginable disaster. The ‘War Office’ has in general become the ‘Ministry of Defence’; the greatest destruc­tive weapons ever invented have become ‘deterrents’. Most people went out of the 20th century with a view of the military ‘virtues’, of the place of war in a civilised society, fundamentally different from that of the nineteenth century and earlier. The inventor of dynamite at the end of the nineteenth century believed that his invention would outlaw war, since the devastation it could produce would make any major outbreak destructive beyond imagination. After 1918 the same view was held about aerial warfare. My childhood was dominated by the conviction that a major war would end up wiping out the cities of the industrial world. Since 1945, the possibility of nuclear annihilation has seemed to make war between the great powers an act of collective suicide. These factors alone have contributed to a revulsion against large-scale military operations among thinking people in all nations - though the world is unquestionably still full of national, ethnic and political causes whose supporters see a resort to bullets and bombs as the only means of gaining their ends.

(a) loyalty to your own country

(b) the act of killing yourself deliberately

(c) ways of discouraging people from doing something because of the negative

results

(d) achieving their aims

(e) most important political powers (used about the USA and the Soviet Union

from the 1940s to 1990s)

(f) feeling of total disgust towards

(g) use something, especially something bad, as a means of achieving something

(h) total destruction by nuclear weapons

(i) movements, organisations

(j) fighting a war using airplanes

(k) make war illegal or impossible

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